问题 问答题 简答题

骨骼肌有几种收缩形式?它们各有什么生理学特点?

答案

参考答案:根据骨骼肌收缩时的长度变化,把肌肉收缩分为以下几种收缩形式:

(1)向心收缩肌肉向心收缩时,是做功的,其数值为负荷重量与负荷移动距离的乘积。向心收缩时可以是等张收缩.也可以是等动收缩。

①等张收缩:在向心收缩过程中,所谓的等张收缩是相对的,由于肌肉收缩通过骨的杠杆作用克服阻力做功。在负荷不变的情况下,随着关节角度的变化,肌肉做功的力矩会发生变化,需要肌肉用力的程度也不同。在整个运动范围内,用力最大的一点称为“顶点”,“顶点”肌肉才有可能达到最大力量收缩。这也是等张训练的不足之处。

②等动收缩:在整个关节运动范围内肌肉以恒定的速度,且外界的阻力与肌肉收缩时肌肉产生的力量始终相等的肌肉收缩称为等动收缩。肌肉进行等动收缩时在整个运动范围内都能产生最大的肌张力,而且收缩速度可以根据需要进行调节。等动练习是提高肌肉力量的有效手段。通常要有专门的仪器设备才能实现。

(2)等长收缩肌肉在收缩时其长度不变,这种收缩称为等长收缩。有两种情况:其一,肌肉收缩时对抗不能克服的负荷。其二,当其他关节由于肌肉离心收缩或向心收缩发生运动时,等长收缩可使某些关节保持一定的位置,为其他关节的运动创造适宜的条件。

(3)离心收缩肌肉在收缩产生张力的同时被拉长的收缩称为离心收缩。由于肌肉离心收缩的制动作用,减缓了身体的下落速度,不至于使身体造成损伤。离心收缩肌肉做负功。

(4)超等长收缩超等长收缩是指骨骼肌工作时先做离心式拉长,继而做向心式收缩的一种复合式收缩形式。其优点在于,当肌肉被拉长后所产生的弹性势能,拉长后产生的牵张反射性收缩,以及主动向心收缩所产生的力量形成合力时,肌肉将产生较大收缩力。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     The man from the west stopped and drew back his arm. "You're not Jimmy Wells," he said in a quick

and angry way, "Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change a man' nose from a Roman to pug." "It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one," said the tall man, "you've been under arrest for

ten minutes. Silky Bob. Chicago thinks you may have dropped over our way and phones us she wants to

have a word with you. Going quietly, are you? That's sensible. Now before we go to the station here's a

note I was asked to hand you. You may read it here at the window. It's from Patrolman Wells.?" The man from the West opened the little piece of paper handed him. His hand was steady when he began to read,

but it trembled a little by the time he finished. The note was rather short. Bob: I was at the right place on

time. When you struck the match to light your cigar I saw it was the face wanted in Chicago. Somehow I

couldn't do it myself, so I went around and got a plain clothes man (便衣) to do the job.

1. The man from the West must have broken the law _____.

A. in Chicago

B. in New York

C. in his hometown

D. somewhere else

2. The man from the West recognized the tall man not to be the one he had been waiting for because the

tall man ____.

A. had a different accent from his

B. had a different nose from his friend's

C. was his another old friend

D. said "Chicago wants to talk with you.?"

3. The two men may have walked _____. 

A. for ten minutes    

B. arm in arm

C. face to face      

D. both A and B

4. We can suppose Jim _____.

A. was afraid of the man from the West

B. got another man to help him when necessary

C. had an appointment with Bob 20 years ago

D. had something else to do and couldn't come himself

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