问题 填空题

随着对“火”的认识和使用,人类能够更好地改造自然、改善生活.

(1)如图1所示,古人“钻木取火”过程中,快速搓动木棍使底部的干草着火,从“燃烧条件”分析:“钻木”为干草燃烧提供的条件是______;

(2)形状大小相同的木炭在下列气体中燃烧的现象如表所示,回答问题:

①木炭在空气中和氧气中燃烧现象不同的原因是(答一点)______.

②生成的气体使澄清石灰水变浑浊的化学方程式______.

③根据表中信息,写一条对“燃烧条件”的新认识______.

不同气体中在空气中在氧气中在臭氧中
实验现象红热剧烈燃烧非常剧烈地燃烧
生成的气体能使澄清石灰水变浑浊
④木炭在臭氧(O3)中燃烧的化学方程式为______.

(3)如图2所示,1860年英国化学家法拉第做了一个有趣的“母子火焰”实验.经研究:子火焰中燃烧物为石蜡蒸汽,子火焰为石蜡蒸汽燃烧产生的.

①蜡烛能产生母火焰这一现象,证明石蜡具有的物理性质是______(写一点,下同),化学性质是______.

②该实验成功的关键因素之一是导气管不宜太长,其原因是______.

(4)双燃料汽车的燃料是汽油和天然气.天然气(主要成分是甲烷)完全燃烧的化学方程式______,用天然气替代汽油作燃料的优点是______(写一点).

(5)发生火灾时,对于被困人员来说,下列做法正确的有______(填标号).

A.尽可能迅速找到安全出口撤离

B.烟很大时,用湿毛巾捂住口鼻

C.火势较大时,乘坐电梯快速逃生.

答案

(1)钻木取火,即克服摩擦力做功,使得木头的内能增加,温度升高,使木头的温度达到其着火点.

(2)①木炭和硫分别在空气里和氧气里燃烧的现象不同,说明了可燃物燃烧时与氧气的浓度有关,浓度越大燃烧越剧烈;

②二氧化碳能够使澄清石灰水变浑浊的化学方程式为:CO2+Ca(OH)2═CaCO3↓+H2O.

③由表中“在臭氧中非常剧烈地燃烧”可见燃烧不一定需要氧气或空气.

④木炭在臭氧(O3)中燃烧,生成二氧化碳,化学方程式为:3C+2O3

点燃
.
3CO2

(3)①蜡烛的主要成分石蜡的沸点较低,由于烛芯的温度较高,石蜡会蒸发变成蜡烛蒸汽,就是我们看到的白烟,这些蜡烛蒸气就是子火焰的可燃物.

②该实验成功的关键是导气管不能太长,如果导气管太长,由于温度的降低,石蜡蒸气会在导管中冷凝,不能从导气管的末端导出,使实验不成功.

(4)天然气的主要成分是甲烷.甲烷燃烧生成二氧化碳和水,化学方程式为:CH4+2O2

点燃
.
CO2+2H2O;天然气代替汽油、柴油作为汽车燃料的优点很多,如燃烧充分,热值高、污染小等.

(5)A、为保护生命安全,在火灾难以控制时,尽可能迅速找到安全出口撤离,所以正确.

B、湿毛巾可起到滤过的作用,用湿毛巾捂住口鼻,不会吸入烟尘和有毒气体,所以正确.

C、在火灾情况下,电梯的供电系统会随时断电,或是电气线路被烧毁而停电,电梯受热后其轿厢会失控甚至变形卡住,人在其中很危险;不能乘电梯逃生,故选项逃生方法错误.

故答案为:(1)使木头的温度达到其着火点;

(2)①氧气的浓度不同;

②CO2+Ca(OH)2═CaCO3↓+H2O;

③燃烧不一定需要氧气或空气;

④3C+2O3

点燃
.
3CO2

(3)①熔沸点低;可燃性;

②导气管太长,石蜡蒸气冷凝,不能从导管末端导出;

(4)CH4+2O2

点燃
.
CO2+2H2O;污染少;

(5)AB.

阅读理解

阅读理解。

    Scientists (科学家) are trying to make the deserts (沙漠) into good land again. They want to bring water

to the deserts, so people can live and grow food. They are learning a lot about the deserts. But more and more

of the earth is becoming desert all the time. Scientists may not be able to change the desert in time.

    Why is more and more land becoming desert? Scientists think that people make deserts. People are doing

bad things to the earth.

    Some places on the earth don't get very much rain. But they still don't become deserts. This is because

some green plants are growing there. Small green plants and grass are very important to dry (干的) places.

Plants don't let the hot sun make the earth even drier. Plants don't let the wind blow (吹) the dirt (土) away.

When a little rain falls, the plants hold the water. Without plants, the land can become a desert much more

easily.

1. Deserts ______. [ ]

A. get very little rain

B. never have any plants or animals in them

C. can all be turned into good land soon

D. both A and C

2. Small green plants are very important to dry places because ______.[ ]

A. they don't let the sun make the earth even drier

B. they hold water

C. they don't let the wind blow the earth away

D. all of the above

3. Land is becoming desert little by little (渐渐地) because ______. [ ]

A. Plants can't grow there

B. There is not enough rain

C. People haven't done what scientists wish them to do

D. Scientists know little about the deserts

4. Which is the main idea of the first paragraph (段, 节)? [ ]

A. Scientists know how to change desert into good land.

B. Land is becoming desert faster than scientists can change it back into good land.

C. If scientists can bring water to desert, people can live and grow food there.

D. More and more places are becoming deserts all the time.

5. After reading this, we learn that ______. [ ]

A. plants can keep (阻止) dry land from becoming desert

B. it is good to get rid of (去除) the grass in the deserts

C. all places without much rain will become deserts

D. it is better to grow crops (农作物) on dry land than to grow grass

单项选择题