阅读理解。
We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively (被动地). We achieve it actively by direct
experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning.
We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place
in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is
passive. If we achieve knowledge by passive learning, it's not surprising that we depend on it in our
everyday communication with friends and co-workers.
Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told
even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor (谣言).
Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesn't
show it to anyone. Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person. That person, in turn,
whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing the game. The last person writes
down the message word for word as he or she hears it. Then the two written statements are compared.
Typically, the original message has changed.
That's what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words
changes the story. Then, too, most people listen imperfectly. And many enjoy adding their own creative
touch to a story, trying to improve on it, stamping (打上标记) it with their own personal style. Yet those
who hear it think they know.
This process is also found among scholars and writers: A statement of opinion by one writer may be
re-stated as fact by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue,
unless it happens to someone to question the facts.
1. According to the passage, passive learning may occur in _______.
A. doing a medical experiment
B. solving a math problem
C. visiting an exhibition
D. doing scientific reasoning
2. The underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refers to _____.
A. active learning
B. knowledge
C. communication
D. passive learning
3. The writer mentions the game Rumor to show that _____.
A. a message may be changed when being passed on
B. a message should be delivered in different ways
C. people may have problems with their sense of hearing
D. people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor
4. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Active learning is less important.
B. Passive learning may not be reliable.
C. Active learning happens more often.
D. Passive learning is not found among writers.
