问题 问答题

如图10所示,一质量M=0.8kg的小物块,用长l=0.8m的细绳悬挂在天花板土,处于静止状态.一质量m=0.2kg的橡皮泥粘性小球以速度v0=l0m/s水平射向物块,并与物块粘在一起,小球与物块相互作用时间极短可以忽略,不计空气阻力,重力加速度g取10m/s2.求:

(1)小球粘在物块上的瞬间,小球和物块共同速度的大小;

(2)小球和物块摆动过程中所能达到的最大高度;

(3)若使物块摆动升高0.8m,讨论只改变小球质量或速度的操作方法.

答案

(1)因为小球与物块相互作用的时间极短,所以小球与物块组成的系统动量守恒.

mv0=(M+m)v

解得v=2.0m/s.

(2)小球和物块将以v为初速度向右摆动,摆动的过程中只有重力做功,所以机械能守恒.设它们能达到的最大高度为h,根据机械能守恒定律:

1
2
(m+M)v2=(M+m)gh

解得h=0.2m.

(3)①若只改变小球的质量使其变为m′,小球向右摆动的最大高度为H=0.8m.

1
2
(M+m′)v12=(M+m′)gH

解得v1=4.0m/s.

小球和物块相互作用的过程中动量守恒,m′v0=(M+m′)v1

解得m′=

8
15
kg=0.53kg.

②若只改变小球的速度使其变为v′小球向右摆动的最大高度为H=0.8m.

则:

1
2
(M+m)v22=(M+m)gH,

解得v2=4m/s.

小球和物块相互作用的过程中动量守恒,mv′=(M+m)v2

解得v′=20m/s.

答:(1)小球粘在物块上的瞬间,小球和物块共同速度的大小为2.0m/s.

(2)小球和物块摆动过程中所能达到的最大高度我0.2m.

(3)若使物块摆动升高0.8m,将小球质量变为0.53kg,或将小球的速度变为20m/s.

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     David Brenner came from a poor family. When he finished his school, he was given a wonderful

present. "Some of my friends got new clothes and a few rich boys even got new cars. "he remembered,

"My father reached into his trousers pocket and took something out, I held out my hand, and he let my

present drop into it —— a nickel!"

     "Dad said to me, Buy a newspaper with that. Read every word of it. Then turn to the classified section

and get yourself a job. Get into the world. It’s all yours now!" 

     "I always thought that was a great joke my father had played on me until a few years later when I was

in the Army, sitting in a foxhole, and thinking about my family and my life. It was then that I came to know

that my friends had got only new cars, or only new clothes. My father has given me the whole world.

What a great present!"

  1. What did David get as a present when he left school?

    A. New clothes

    B. A new car

    C. Something nice

    D. A nickel.

  2. David's father asked him to read the newspaper to _____. 

    A. find interesting stories

    B. find himself a job

    C. know what happened in the world

    D. learn more things in it

  3. Some years went by and David became a _____.

    A. doctor

    B. teacher  

    C. soldier

    D. driver

  4. In the end David understood the present his father gave him was _____.

    A. great

    B. unimportant  

    C. beautiful

    D. useless

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