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问题 问答题

科学家一直致力于“人工固氮”的方法研究．

（1）目前合成氨的技术原理为：（g）+3H2（g）⇌2NH3（g）；△H=-92.4kJ/molN2

该反应的能量变化如图1所示．

①在反应体系中加入催化剂，反应速率增大，E2的变化是：______．（填“增大”、“减小”或“不变”）．

②将一定量的N2（g）和H2（g）放入1L的密闭容器中，在500℃、2×107Pa下达到平衡，测得N2为0.1mol，H2为0.3mol，NH3为0.1mol．该条件下H2的转化率为______．

③欲提高②容器中H2的转化率，下列措施可行的是______．

A．向容器中按原比例再充入原料气

B．向容器中再充入惰性气体

C．改变反应的催化剂

D．液化生成物分离出氨

（2）1998年希腊亚里士多德大学的两位科学家采用高质子导电性的SCY陶瓷（能传导H+），从而实现了高转化率的电解法合成氨．其实验装置如图2所示．阴极的电极反应式为______．

（3）根据最新“人工固氮”的研究报道，在常温、常 压、光照条件下，N2在催化剂（掺有少量Fe2O3和TiO2）表面与水发生下列反应：2N2（g）+6H2O（l）4NH3（g）+3O2（g）；△H=a kJ/mol

进一步研究NH3生成量与温度关系，常压下达到平衡时测得部分实验数据如下：

T/K303313323
NH3生成量/（10-6mol）4.85.96.0
①此合成反应的a______0．（填“大于”、“小于”或“等于”）

N2（g）+3H2（g）2NH3（g）；△H=-92.4kJ/mol

②已知

O2（g）+2H2（g）2H2O（l）；△H=-571.6kJ/mol则2N2（g）+6H2O（l）4NH3（g）+3O2（g）；△H=kJ/mol

（4）NH4Cl溶液呈酸性，这是由于N

H+4
水解的缘故．则NH4Cl在重水（D2O）中水解的离子方程式是______．

答案

（1）①催化剂可以降低反应的活化能，增大反应速率，而E1即为活化能，E2=E1+△H，所以E2会减小，

故答案为：减小；

②根据化学方程式：N2（g）+3H2（g）⇌2NH3（g）

初始浓度；       0.6     0.45      0

变化浓度：0.5      0.15     0.1

平衡浓度：0.1        0.3      0.1

0.15
0.45
×100%≈33.3%，故答案为：33.3%；

③根据化学平衡：N2（g）+3H2（g）⇌2NH3（g），

A．向容器中按原比例再充入原料气，则压强增大，平衡向右移动，氢气的转化率增大，故A正确；

B．向容器中再充入惰性气体，则各组分浓度不变，平衡不移动，氢气的转化率不变，故B错误；

C．改变反应的催化剂，不影响平衡的移动，氢气的转化率不变，故C错误；

D．液化生成物分离出氨，平衡向右移动，氢气的转化率增大，故D正确；

故选AD．

（2）电解池的阴极发生得电子的还原反应，在合成氨中，氮气得电子，所以阴极反应为：N2+6H++6e-=2NH3，

故答案为：N2+6H++6e-=2NH3；

（3）①温度对化学平衡移动方向的影响是：温度越高，氨气的量越大，所以升高温度，平衡向右进行，反应是吸热反应，故答案为：大于；

②已知：a、N2（g）+3H2（g）⇌2NH3（g）；△H=-92.4kJ/mol；

b、O2（g）+2H2（g）═2H2O（l）；△H=-571.6kJ/mol，

则反应2N2（g）+6H2O（l）═4NH3（g）+3O2（g）等于2a-3b；

所以△H=2×（-92.4kJ/mol）-3×（-571.6kJ/mol）=+1530.0kJ/mol，

故答案为：1530.0；

（4）NH4Cl在重水（D2O）中水解的实质是铵根和中水中的OD-反应的结果，离子方程式是NH4++D2O⇌NH3•HDO+D+，故答案为：NH4++D2O⇌NH3•HDO+D+．

阅读理解

阅读理解。

    One thing that British and Chinese cultures share is a love for fine tea. Today, when we think of Western

tea culture, we often think of the English and beautiful china tea cups.

Afternoon tea 

    People believe that an English lady, Anna, first introduced the idea of afternoon tea. In the 18th and 19th

centuries, the English ate only two main meals each day-breakfast and a heavy supper that would last for

several hours in the evening. As a result, people often got very hungry during the long wait between these

two meals. To solve this problem, Anna came up with the clever idea of inviting some friends to join her for

an afternoon meal between four and five o'clock. This meal included cakes and sandwiches, and tea was

served to wash down the food. In order to make this afternoon meal important, fine china cups and plates,

and sliver teapots, knives, forks and spoons were used. Soon, afternoon tea parties became popular social

occasions. Today, afternoon tea parties continue to play an important part in the social life in modern Britain.

Will you come for coffee? 

     Coffee also has an important role in British culture. People often use the words "Will you come for coffee?"

to mean "Would you like to come to my home for a chat (聊天)?" Normally, several different drinks such as

tea, hot chocolate or a soft drink like orange juice will be served as well as coffee, and you will be asked what

you would like. However, you will not normally be served wine at a "coffee" party.

Coffeehouses and the London Stock Exchange

     In the 17th century London, coffeehouses were busy and noisy places. Businessmen and bankers went to

coffeehouses to do their business, as well as to drink coffee. In fact, the London Stock Exchange

(股票交易所) is believed to have started from these coffeehouses.

1. Anna introduced the idea of drinking afternoon tea because she           . [ ]

A. enjoyed chatting with her friends at home

B. loved fine tea and beautiful china tea cups

C. wanted to share nice food with her friends

D. found people felt hungry during the long wait between the two meals

2. What does "social occasions" mean in Chinese? [ ]

A. 集体婚礼

B. 社交活动

C. 社区表演

D. 公共场合

3. If someone says to you "Will you come for coffee?", you           . [ ]

A. will be offered coffee only

B. are asked what you would like to drink

C. will be asked to have a chat with him or her

D. are invited to take part in an afternoon tea party

4. From the last paragraph we can see           . [ ]

A. a new business was started in coffeehouses

B. coffeehouses are still used by businessmen and bankers

C. businessmen and bankers went to coffeehouses just for coffee

D. most people wouldn't like to go to coffeehouses because of the noise

5. Which is the best title of the article? [ ]

A. British And Chinese Cultures

B. The Beginning Of Tea And Coffee

C. Coffeehouses And Business

D. English Tea And Coffee Culture

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单项选择题

上皮异常增生的病理变化不包括（）

A.基底细胞呈栅栏状排列

B.基底细胞极性紊乱

C.细胞多形性

D.上皮钉突呈滴状

E.有丝分裂像增多
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