问题 选择题

一辆小车装一单摆,小车放在光滑的水平面上,如图所示.开始时将摆球拉至某一高度(小车和摆球都静止).当将摆球无初速释放后,做自由摆动时

A.在摆动过程中,摆绳的拉力对摆球不做功

B.不计空气阻力,在摆动过程中,摆球的机械能守恒

C.在摆动过程中,地面对小车的弹力保持不变

D.小球摆至最高点时,小球相对小车的速度为零

答案

答案:D

考点:

专题:功的计算专题.

分析:(1)判断一个力做功的正负关键看力的方向和位移的方向的夹角,夹角小于90°做正功,夹角大于90°做负功,等于90°不做功.

(2)某一方向上动量守恒.

解答:解:由于车和球这个系统水平方向上动量守恒,所以当小球下摆时,车子也会随之反方向移动.根据动能定理可知:△EK=WF,动能增加,绳对车的拉力对车做正功,系统机械能守恒,则摆绳的拉力对摆球做负功,摆球的机械能减少,故AB错误;

因为在摆球摆动过程中,小车和摆球系统在竖直方向上存在加速度,且加速度发生变化,对整体在竖直方向上有:,故在摆动过程中,地面对小车的弹力随加速度发生变化,故C错误

由于车和球这个系统水平方向上动量守恒,所以当小球摆至最高点时,小球相对小车的速度为零,故D正确;

故选D.

点评:本题考查了动能定理的应用以及判断一个力做功正负的方法,难度适中,属于中档题.

阅读理解

What will city life be like in the future? Some people think that life in the cities is going to be horrible. They say that cities will become more and more crowded. As the number of people increases, there will be less space for each person. This overcrowding will cause other problems — more crime, dirtier streets , and worse problems with traffic than we have now. How will people find enough drinking water, energy (such as gas and electricity ), and housing? Because life will be hard, people who live in cities will worry more, and they may become sick. For these reasons, some say that nobody will want to live in city areas.

How can we deal with such problems as overcrowding, crime, and traffic? In some cities, thousands of people are already sleeping in the streets because there is little suitable housing — and because houses are too expensive. The crime rate isn’t going down. Instead, it is increasing so fast that many people are afraid to go out at night. Traffic is also getting worse. More and more often, traffic jams are so bad that cars don’t move at all for several streets. These problems have been getting worse, not better, so many people see no hope for the future of the city.

Los Angeles, California, for example, has no subway system and buses are slow. Instead, many commuters (乘、开车上班族) drive many miles from their homes to work. Many of these drivers spend several hours each day on busy freeways. New York, however, has a big transit system — buses, commuter trains, and subways. Because the public transportation is crowded and dirty, many people drive private cars, and the traffic jams are worse than that in Los Angeles. A taxi driver complains, “I was driving home, but in forty-five minutes I moved only two miles! Finally, I turned off the engine and just sat there. A lot of people left their cars where they were in the middle of the street and went into a bar for a few beers!”

On the other hand, some cities have clean, fast and pleasant public transportation systems. In Paris, France, and Toronto, Canada, for example, anyone can use buses or subways to move quickly from one part of the city to another.

小题1:What do some people think is the main problem of the future city like?

A.Poor housing.

B.Overcrowding.

C.Environmental pollution.

D.Traffic jams.小题2:The best way to work out the traffic problem in Los Angels might be _________________.

A.cutting down the number of private cars

B.providing more buses in the freeway

C.building a subway system

D.persuading people to live nearer to their workplaces小题3:Which of the following sentences is NOT TRUE?

A.Thousands of people are already sleeping in the streets.

B.The crime rate isn’t going down.

C.The traffic jams are so bad that cars don’t move at all for several streets.

D.Many people have a positive attitude towards the future of the city.

单项选择题