问题 问答题 案例分析题

某地一栋超高层建筑,建筑高度为229.5m,耐火等级为一级,地上部分共76层,用作餐饮、宾馆和写字楼,五层以上每层的建筑面积为2087.2m2~2869.5m2,建筑内按现有规范设置了自动灭火系统、自动报警系统和室内消火栓系统等消防设施,请分析以下问题:

(1)本建筑物是否需要设置避难层?如果需要设置,需要设置几个避难层?

(2)如果需要设置,避难层应满足什么要求?

(3)本建筑物是否需要直升机停机坪?

(4)如果需要设置,直升机停机坪应满足什么要求?

(5)本建筑需要设多少部消防电梯?

(6)消防电梯应满足什么要求?

答案

参考答案:

(1)因为本建筑物属于高度超过100m的公共建筑,所以需要设置避难层。因为规范规定从首层到一个避难层之间的高度不应大于50m,两个避难层之间的高度不应大于45m,而本建筑高度为239.5m,因此至少需要4个避难层。

(2)避难层应满足的要求有以下几点:

①避难层的净面积应能满足设计避难人数避难的要求,可按5人/m2计算。

②避难层的楼板宜采用现浇钢筋混凝土楼板,其耐火极限不应低于2.00h。

③避难层地面宜设隔热层。

④避难层四周的墙体及避难层内的隔墙,其耐火极限不应低于3.00h,隔墙上的门应采用甲级防火门。

⑤避难层可与设备层结合布置,管道井、设备间应采用耐火极限不低于2.00h的防火隔墙与避难区分隔。

⑥避难层应至少有两个不同的疏散方向可供疏散。通向避难层的防烟楼梯间,其上下层应错位或断开布置,在避难层进入楼梯间的入口处应设置明显的指示标志。

⑦在避难层应设应急照明,其供电时间不应小于1.00h,照度不应低于1.001x。

⑧避难层应设置消防电梯出口。普通电梯则严禁在避难层开设电梯门。

⑨应设置直接对外的可开启窗口或独立的机械防烟设施,外窗应采用乙级防火窗或耐火极限不低于1.00h的C类防火窗。

⑩避难层应配置消火栓和消防软管卷盘,消防专线电话和应急广播。

(3)因为本建筑物属于高度超过100m的高层建&,且五层以上部分每层建筑面积大于2000m2,因此需要直升机停机坪。

(4)直升机停机坪应满足以下几点要求:

①当采用圆形与方形平面的停机坪时,其直径或边长尺寸应等于直升机机翼直径的1.5倍;当采用矩形平面时,其短边尺寸大于或等于直升机的长度。并在此范围5米内,不应设设备机房、电梯机房、水箱间、共用天线、旗杆等突出物。

②起降区场地的耐压强度,按所承受集中荷载不大于直升机总重的75%考虑。

③停机坪四周应设置航空障碍灯,并应设置应急照明。

④设置待救区,以容纳疏散到屋顶停机坪的避难人员,待救区应设置不少于2个通向停机坪的出口,每个出口的宽度不宜小于0.90m,其门应向疏散方向开启。

⑤在停机坪的适当位置应设置消火栓。

(5)因为本建筑五层以上部分每层建筑面积在1500m2~4500m2之间,因此本建筑需要设2部消防电梯。

(6)消防电梯应满足以下要求:

①消防电梯应分别设置在不同防火分区内,且每个防火分区不应少于1台。

②消防电梯应具有防火、防烟、防水功能。

③消防电梯应设置前室或与防烟楼梯间合用的前室。消防电梯前室应符合以下要求:前室宜靠外墙设置,并在首层直通室外或经过长度不大于30m的通道通向室外;前室的使用面积不应小于6m2;与防烟楼间合用的前室不应小于10m2。前室或合用前室的门应采用乙级防火门,不应设置卷帘。

④消防电梯井、机房与相邻电梯井、机房之间应设置耐火极限不低于2.00h的防火隔墙,隔墙上的门应采用甲级防火门。

⑤消防电梯的井底应设置排水设施,排水井的容量不应小于2m3,排水泵的排水量不应小于10L/s。且消防电梯间前室的门口宜设置挡水设施。

⑥消防电梯载重量,一般不应小于800kg,且轿厢尺寸不宜小于1.5mx2m。⑦消防电梯的行驶速度从首层至顶层的运行时间不宜大于60s。

⑧消防电梯的供电应为消防电源并设备用电源,在最末级配电箱自动切换,动力与控制电缆、电线、控制面板应采取防水措施。

⑨电梯轿厢的内部装修应采用不燃材料。

完形填空
Maybe you are an average student. You probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessary so, however. Anyone can become a better student if he or she wants to. Here’s how.
1) Plan your time carefully. When you plan your week, you should make a list of things that you have to do. After making this list, you should make a schedule of your time. First your time for eating, sleeping, dressing, etc. then decide a good, regular time for studying. Don't forget to set aside enough time for entertainment. A weekly schedule may not solve all your problems, but it will force you to realize what is happening to your time.
2) Find a good place to study. Look around the house for a good study area. Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials. No games, radios, or television! When you sit down to study, concentrate on the subject.
3) Make good use of your time in class. Take advantage of class time to listen to everything the teachers say. Really listening in class means less work later. Taking notes will help you remember what the teacher says.
4) Study regularly. When you get home from school, go over your notes. Review the important points that your teacher mentioned in class. If you know what your teacher is going to discuss the next day, read that material will become more meaningful, and you will remember it longer.
5) Develop a good attitude about tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. They help you remember your new knowledge. The world won’t end if you don't pass a test, so don't be overly worried.
There are other methods that might help you with your studying. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these.
Title: How to become a better student
General methods
How to
advantages
Plan your time carefully
Make a list
Force you to realize  6 is happening to your time
Make a
Find a good place to study
Free of everything but study 2
You can 7 on the subject
Make good use of your time in class
Listen to everything the teachers say
Really listening in class means 8 work later
Taking 
Study regularly
Go over your notes
Help you  9 it better , remember it longer
 4  new material
Develop a good attitude about tests
Don't be  5 worried
Remember your new  10
 
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