问题 填空题

(1)在25℃下,向浓度均为0.1mol•L-1的MgCl2和CuCl2混合溶液中逐滴加入氨水,先生成______沉淀(填化学式),生成该沉淀的离子方程式为______.(已知25℃时Ksp[Mg(OH)2]=1.8×10-11,KsP[Cu(OH)2]=2.2×10-20.)

(2)发射飞船时肼(N2H4)与NO2作推力能源,两者反应产生氮气和水蒸气.已知:

①N2(g)+2O2(g)=2NO2(g)△H=+67.7kJ/mol

②N2H4(g)+O2(g)=N2(g)+2H2O(g)△H=-534kJ/mol

则肼与二氧化氮反应的热化学方程式为:______

(3)飞船使用的氢氧燃料电池具有高能、轻便和不污染环境等优点.氢氧燃料电池有酸式和碱式两种,其电池总反应均为:2H2+O2=2H2O.酸式氢氧燃料电池的电解质溶液是强酸溶液,负极电极反应式可表示为:2H2-4e=4H+,则其正极反应式为______;碱式氢氧燃料电池中的电解质溶液是强碱溶液,其正极电极反应式可表示为:O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH-,则其负极反应式为______.

答案

(1)25℃时,Ksp[Mg(OH)2]=1.8×10-11,KsP[Cu(OH)2]=2.2×10-20.氢氧化铜的溶度积常数小于氢氧化镁的溶度积常数.

所以在25℃下,向浓度均为0.1 mol•L-1的MgCl2和CuCl2混合溶液中逐滴加入氨水,先生成氢氧化铜沉淀.

反应的化学方程式是:CuCl2+2NH3•H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4Cl,NH3•H2O是弱碱,不能拆,Cu(OH)2是弱碱不能拆.

故离子方程式为:Cu2++2NH3•H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+

故答案为:Cu(OH)2 ; Cu2++2NH3•H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+

(2)根据盖斯定律,将(2×①)+(2×②)可知:

肼与二氧化氮反应的热化学方程式为:2N2H4(g)+2NO2(g)=3N2(g)+4H2O(g)△H=-1135.7kJ/mol

故答案为:2N2H4(g)+2NO2(g)=3N2(g)+4H2O(g)△H=-1135.7kJ/mol;

(3)氢氧燃料电池无论是酸式还是碱式,其电池总反应均为:2H2+O2=2H2O ①

酸式氢氧燃料电池负极电极反应式为:2H2-4e-=4H+

用(①-②)即得酸式氢氧燃料电池的正极反应:O2+4e-+4H+=2H2O;

碱式氢氧燃料电池的正极电极反应式为:O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH-

用(①-③)即得:2H2-4e-+4OH-=4H2O,故碱式氢氧燃料电池的负极反应:H2-2e-+2OH-=2H2O,

故答案为:O2+4e-+4H+=2H2O;H2-2e-+2OH-=2H2O.

阅读理解

We would probably all be amazed if we watched a videotape of ourselves performing basically unconscious acts as we go about the business of the day. These unconscious acts consist of all the little personal habits that we don’t even think about, but definitely should. These are some of the things that present an image of who we are to others, and if we are careless in performing them, this image may well be other than we would like it to be.

Parents who insist that their children practice good manners and habits at home are doing them a great service, for these habits then become lifelong and the natural way they do things. It proves true that their unconscious actions will reflect a well-mannered person.

People who, for example, eat with both arms on the table at home will likely do so when out. Those who are lazy and slow in private will certainly be so in public. Children who are permitted to be disrespectful to their parents will follow suit with other adults, and will, most likely, become adults who are disrespectful of others. This is an area where the saying “practice makes perfect” may be applied.

There is an article about the actress, Audrey Hepburn, known for her beautiful carriage and posture. According to her biographer, her grandmother tied her neck to the back of her chair, at table, so that she would not drop down suddenly over her food, but rather would learn to put only small amounts of food on her spoon or fork and bring them to her mouth. This is a rather extreme “at home” method for the development of erect (直立的) posture, but it does illustrate the effectiveness of practicing good habits so that, when in public, they are instinctive.

小题1:

Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?

A.Parents should be responsible for their children’s good habits.

B.The actress is well known for her beautiful posture.

C.We should always be aware of our manners.

D.Without good manners, one can never be perfect.小题2:

Those who eat with both arms on the table at home ______.

A.will probably have the same habit when they have meals in the restaurant

B.will probably change the habit when eating out with their relatives

C.will feel embarrassed when having meals with so many strangers in public

D.will always put their arms on the table no matter where they eat小题3:

The meaning of “practice makes perfect” in the third paragraph is ______.

A.the more practice one has, the better job he will do

B.the more perfect one is, the more practice he needs

C.if one has enough practice, he will become perfect

D.perfect makes a person practice more小题4:

Which of the following are NOT true?

A.If we are not careful about our unconscious acts, the images of ourselves presented to others will be quite undesirable.

B.The good habits formed in one’s childhood will benefit him throughout his life.

C.If parents do not care about the disrespectful attitude adopted by their children towards themselves, their children might be disrespectful of others.

D.It is unlikely that a well-mannered person will not embarrass himself in public.

多项选择题