问题 单项选择题

用于信息系统开发的各类资源总是有限的,当这些有限资源无法同时满足全部应用项目的实施时,就应该对这些应用项目的优先顺序给予合理分配。人们提出了若干种用于分配开发信息系统稀少资源的方法,并对每种方法都提出了相应的决策基本标准。其中()的基本思想是对各应用项目不仅要分别进行评价,而且还应该把它们作为实现系统总体方案的组成部分去评价。该方法应该考虑项目的风险性、对组织的战略方向的支持等因素。

A.全面评审法

B.成本或效益比较法

C.收费法

D.指导委员会法

答案

参考答案:A

解析:

用于信息系统开发的各类资源总是有限的,当这些有限资源无法同时满足全部应用项目的实施时,就应该针对这些应用项目的优先次序给予合理分配,这就是MIS规划工作三阶段模型中的最后一个阶段——资源分配阶段。

通常在确定一个应用项目的优先顺序时应该依据以下4个方面进行分析:

①该项目的实施预计可明显节省费用或增加利润,这是一种定量因素的分析。

②无法定量分析其实施效果的项目。

③制度上的因素。

④系统管理方面的需要。

从上述4个方面出发,人们提出了若干种用于分配开发信息系统稀少资源的方法,下面分别予以介绍。

1.成本或效益比较法

每个应用项目有不同的成本一效益比,而这往往是衡量一个项目经济合理性的重要指标,成本或效益比较法就是从这一目标出发来分配资源的,投资回收率即为一种常采用的方法。通常,一个信息系统的每个应用项目都有定量的经济成本和经济效益,利用成本或效益量就可以计算出投资回收率,根据投资回收率法制定的一条决策规则是从那些可选项目中选择投资回收率最高的应用项目。但这只是理想情况,在具体应用该方法时总有一定的困难。首先,应用项目的效益往往难以数量化,其次,把握投资回收率法确定的应用项目并不能提供整套项目在风险其他方面的平衡,再次,投资回收率的计算方法是渐近的,它不能引起人们对当前应用项目的重新思考。

2.全面评审法

该方法的基本思想是:对应用项目不仅要分别进行评价,而且还应该把它们作为实现系统总体方案的全套项目的组成部分去评价,这种方法应考虑项目的风险性,对组织的战略方向的支持等因素。

以全面评审法为基础对风险的评价认识是:各种失败对应用项目所造成的风险是不一样的,主要应考虑以下三个方面的影响:项目的规模、使用技术方面的经验、项目的结构。

3.收费法

收费法是把信息系统资源的费用分摊给用户的一种会计手段。收费的手段有两种,一种是把费用直接分摊给不同用户,并让他们了解资源是如何使用的。在这种情况下,用户对费用没有任何控制权,这种方法有助于信息系统成本的内部控制,另一种方法是向用户收取信息服务费,而用户对使用信息服务的数量有自主权,可根据各自费用情况和利润情况而决定。

收费方法在它适合组织机构的具体情况时,优点较为明显,但是这种方法只是达到了局部合理性,而不是整个组织的合理性,特别是当要“购买”的项目多于信息系统能够开发的项目时,这种方法是不能解决资源分配问题的。

4.指导委员会法

资源分配的重大决策往往都是由一个总负责人或是一个由各主要职能部门的负责人所组成的指导委员会来做出的。

指导委员会法的好处是它能够行使组织机构的能力与政策。从理论上讲,它所形成的计划是组织范围内最佳的资源分配计划,它能形成对资源分配和最终计划的支持,这种方法的不足之处是指导委员会在相互协商方面消耗的时间往往过多。

可见本题目中指的是全面评审法。

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Most people think zoos are safe for animals , where struggles such as difficulty in finding food and

avoiding natural enemies don't exist . Without such problems , animals in zoos should live to an old age .

But that may not be true for the largest land animals on earth . Scientists have known that elephants in

zoos often suffer from poor health . They develop diseases and behaviour changes . Sometimes , they

even become infertile , or unable to have babies .

     To learn more about how elephants are affected , a team of international scientists compared the life

spans of elephants born in zoos with those living outdoors in their native lands . Zoos keep detailed

records of all the animals , such as birth dates , illnesses , weight and death . These records made it

possible for the researchers to analyse 40 years of data on 800 African and Asian elephants in zoos

across Europe . The team found that female African elephants born in zoos lived an average of 16.9

years while those in the wild lived an average of 56 years . Scientists don't yet know why wild elephants

seem to be so much better than their zoo-raised elephants . Georgia Mason , a biologist who led the

study , thinks stress and obesity may be to blame . Zoo elephants don't get the same kind of exercise they would in the wild , and most are fat .

     Another finding from the study showed that Asian elephants born in zoos were more likely to die early

than Asian elephants caught in the wild and brought to zoos . Mason suggests stress in the mothers in zoos might cause them to have babies that are less likely to survive .

1. Most people think that animals in the zoos  ___    .

A. have difficulty in finding food          

B. often struggle with each other

C. live longer than those in the wild        

D. will often fight with their enemies

2. What does the underlined word " infertile " mean ?

A. Without home to stay at .              

B. Without ability to give birth .

C. Without friends to talk with .          

D. Without anyone to turn to .

3. The scientists carried out a research so that they could know      .

A. how long the elephants live            

B. how the elephants are affected

C. how the elephants can be fed          

D. how the elephants should be kept

4. In order to let the elephants in the zoos live longer , people should      .

A. give them a good diet                

B. keep their living place clean and tidy

C. get them to exercise as in the wild      

D. try to keep as quiet as possible

5. Why are elephants born in the zoo likely to die early ?

A. Because they eat too much and are overweight .

B. Because they feel upset all the time .

C. Because of their mothers' stress .

D. Because their mothers are hungry all the time .