问题 计算题

乙醇汽油是被广泛使用的新型清洁燃料,工业生产乙醇的一种反应原理为:

2CO(g) + 4H2(g)CH3CH2OH(g) + H2O(g) △H =" —256.1" kJ·mol1

已知:CO(g) + H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g)   △H=" —41.2" kJ·mol1

(1)以CO2(g)与H2(g)为原料也可合成乙醇,其热化学方程式如下:

2CO2(g) +6H2(g)CH3CH2OH(g) +3H2O(g)  △H =          

(2)汽车使用乙醇汽油并不能减少NOx的排放,这使NOx的有效消除成为环保领域的重要课题。

①某研究小组在实验室以Ag– ZSM– 5为催化剂,测得NO转化为N2的转化率随温度变化情况如下图。若不使用CO,温度超过800℃,发现NO的转化率降低,其可能的原因为        ;在n(NO)/n(C O)=1的条件下,应控制的最佳温度在     左右。

②用活性炭还原法处理氮氧化物。有关反应为:C (s) +2NO2(g) N2 (g) + CO2 (g)。某研究小组向某密闭容器中加人足量的活性炭和NO,恒温( T1℃)条件下反应,反应进行到不同时间测得各物质的浓度如下:

      浓度/mol∙L1

时间/min

NON2CO2
01.0000
200.400.300.30
300.400.300.30
400.320.340.17
500.320.340.17
 

I.根据表中数据,求反应开始至20min以v(NO)表示的反应速率为          (保留两位有效数字),T1℃时该反应的平衡常数为          (保留两位有效数字)。

II.30min后,改变某一条件,反应重新达到平衡,则改变的条件可能是           。下图表示CO2的逆反应速率[v(CO2)]随反应时间的变化关系图。请在图中画出在30min改变上述条件时,在40min时刻再次达到平衡的变化曲线。

答案

(17分)

(1)—173.7kJ•mol-1(3分)

(2)①该反应是放热反应,升高温度反应更有利于向逆反应方向进行(2分)

900℃(2分)

②I.0.030mol•L-1•mol-1(3分,没写单位扣1分)    

0.56(3分)

II.减小CO2的浓度(2分)

(2分)

作图要点:起点在30min时v(CO2)的一半以下;终点不超过30min时v(CO2)

题目分析:(1)将题目中出现的三个热化学方程式依次编号为①②③,观察可得①—②×2=③,根据盖斯定律可知,③的焓变=①的焓变—②的焓变×2=—173.7kJ•mol-1;(2)①若不使用CO,则反应为2NO(g)N2(g)+O2(g),随着温度的升高,反应速率增大,从开始反应到达到平衡时,NO转化为N2的转化率随温度升高而逐渐增大,达到平衡后,再升高温度,NO的转化率随温度升高逐渐减小,说明正反应是放热反应,升高温度使平衡左移;有CO时,发生的不可逆反应为CO+NON2+CO2,NO的转化率随温度的升高而逐渐增大,但是900℃→1000℃时NO的转化率增大程度不大,但是生产成本却会明显增加,因此在n(NO)/n(C O)=1的条件下,应控制的最佳温度为900℃;②I.读表中信息可得,从反应开始到20min,NO的变化浓度=(1.00—0.40) mol∙L1=0.60 mol∙L1,根据平均反应速率的定义式可知,v(NO)=△c/△t=0.030mol•L-1•mol-1;由于固体物质浓度是常数,不需要写入平衡常数表达式,读表中信息可知,20min时该反应在T1℃时达到平衡,则K=[c(CO2)•c(N2)]/c2(NO2)=[0.30×0.30]/0.402≈0.56;II.30min改变条件后,根据三行数据法可知:

 C (s) +2NO2(g) N2 (g) + CO2 (g)

起始浓度/mol•L1               0.40        0.30    0.30

变化浓度/mol•L1              0.080      0.040   0.040

平衡浓度/mol•L1              0.32       0.34      0.34(2分)

由于二氧化碳的理论浓度比实际浓度大0.17mol/L,说明30min时从原平衡体系中移出了CO2,减小CO2的浓度;由于30min时生成物CO2的浓度减少了一半,则v(CO2)立即减少一半,所以起点的横坐标为30min、纵坐标为原平衡的一半;减小生成物浓度,平衡向正反应方向移动,则v(CO2)逐渐增大,直到40min才达到新的平衡,但是此时CO2的浓度比原平衡时小,因此v(CO2)比原平衡时小, 所以终点的横坐标为40min、纵坐标比原平衡的一半大,但是比原平衡时小。

单项选择题
阅读理解

I was now in my twenty third year of residence in this island and was accustomed to the place and to the manner of living. If it had not been the savages(野人)who had come to the place to disturb me, I could have been content to spent the rest of my time there, even to the last moment, till I had laid me down and died, like the old goat in the cave.

I had also arrived to some little recreations and amusements, which made the time pass more pleasantly with me a great deal than it did before.

At first, I had taught my Poll to speak. And he did it so familiarly and talked so clearly and plain that it was very pleasant to me. And he lived with me no less than twenty six years. How long he might live afterwards, I don’t know; though I know they have an idea in Brazil that they live a hundred years. Perhaps poor Poll may be alive there still, calling Poor Robin Crusoe to this day. I wish no other English man had the bad luck to go there and hear him. But if he did, he would certainly believe it was the devil(魔鬼).

My dog was a very pleasant and loving companion to me, for no less than sixteen years of my time, and then died of mere old age.

As for my cats, they multiplied to that degree that I had to shoot several of them at first to keep them from eating up all I had.

Besides these, I had two more parrots which talked pretty well and would all call Robin Crusoe, but none like my first. Nor indeed did I take the pains with any of them that I had done with him.

I had also several sea-fowls, whose names I don’t know, that I caught upon the shore and cut their wings. And the little stakes which I had planted before my castle wall being now grown up to a good thick bush, these fowls all lived among these low trees and bred there, which was very agreeable to me; so that as I said above, I began to be well content with the life I led if not worried about the threat from the savages.

小题1:What does the passage mainly talk about?

A.Robin Crusoe treated animals kindly.

B.Robin Crusoe led a hard life on the island.

C.The animals raised by Robin Crusoe brought him much pleasure.

D.The savages always spoiled Robin Crusoe’s happy life.小题2:How many parrots did Robin Crusoe mention in this passage?

A.2

B.3

C.4

D.5小题3:According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A.Robin’s dog may be still alive on the island.

B.Robin Crusoe lived in harmony with savages.

C.Robin Crusoe met an English man while on the island.

D.Parrots raised by Robin could talk very well.小题4:What is the “sea-fowl” mentioned in the last paragraph?

A.A bird living on the coast.

B.A fish living in the sea.

C.A creature without a name

D.An animal feeding on tree leaves.