问题 单项选择题

以下哪种医学模式的观点主要集中在两个理论上即二元论和还原论()

A.神灵主义

B.自然哲学

C.机械论

D.生物

E.生物-心理-社会

答案

参考答案:D

解析:生物医学模式的观点主要集中在两个理论上即二元论和还原论;最典型的代表理论就是"流行病学三角模式",其观点认为健康就要维持宿主、环境和病原体三者之间的动态平衡,病因是微生物,宿主是动物或人,环境局限于自然环境。其成就的典范主要体现在临床上克服了手术的疼痛、感染和失血三大难关;疾病预防领域上,采用杀菌灭虫、预防接种和抗菌药物三个主要武器,取得了人类第一次卫生革命的伟大胜利。其缺点主要表现在忽视了人的社会性、复杂的心理活动及主体意识,把人从社会的群体环境中孤立起来。

问答题

Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. (46)This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.
The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. (47)Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.
Every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill — the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. (48)It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early; a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. (49)On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. (50)In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness and well-being.

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