问题 问答题 案例分析题

购物中心消防设计评估

某购物中心共四层,建筑面积约为28000m2,该建筑中设有一中庭。平面图如下图。

该建筑的具体结构和布局主要用于销售服装、电器、化妆品、书籍和百货等,而且所有商铺都设有展览窗和通向一般购物区的无障碍循环道路。

购物中心一楼和顶楼各有一个停车处,2楼和3楼各设有一个餐厅,每个餐厅一次可容纳200人同时进餐,在中庭2楼和3楼也分别设有能同时容纳50人的一个快餐厅。

该购物中心的耐火等级为一级,整个建筑采用耐火钢结构,它要求结构框架耐火极限不低于3~4h;楼板和梁耐火极限不低于2h。

整个建筑安装了自动喷淋灭火系统,设在每一层管道井中的立管提供灭火所需水量和压力,管道井一般设在购物中心出口走席的进口处或建筑的其他地方,但是其支管长度不应超过45m。同时在整个建筑中还安装有火灾艮警系统,用来监控自动喷水设备、启动开关和烟气探测器,该系统最终受到中央控制室的监控。

在二楼购物区和三楼中庭中心处设有机械排烟控制系统,该系统以59m3/S的速率将烟气从中庭顶部排出。按照规范要求:该系统按照大小排列,维持烟气层至少高于第三层(面对中庭)3.05m。该系统以机械方式补气,通过购物中心或中庭处的喷淋水流烟气探测系统激活。所有的机械系统和控制系统的用电都由一台备用发电机提供。

性能化防火设计方法的设计范围包括问题的确定、建筑物本身性质、设计特征、预算、工期及适用规范等。该购物中心性能化消防设计流程图如下:

1.建筑物性能化消防设计应遵循什么基本程序?

2.针对该建筑物商业区域应如何设置防火分隔?

答案

参考答案:

1.建筑物性能化消防设计应遵循以下基本程序:

(1)确定建筑物的使用功能和用途、建筑设计的适用标准。

(2)确定需要采用性能化设计方法进行设计的问题。

(3)确定建筑物的消防安全总体目标。

(4)进行性能化消防试设计和评估验证。

(5)修改、完善设计并进一步评估验证,确定是否满足所确定的消防安全目标。

(6)编制设计说明与分析报告,提交审查与批准。

2.本案例中宽敞的中庭和走道组成的公共区域占据了步行街的较大一部分面积,这部分公共区域主要是火灾荷载密度较低的人流通行空间。由于这样的建筑和商业布局特点,如按现行消防规范要求数千平方米划分为一个防火分区,在连通各层的中庭开口处设防火卷帘,这在商业街中实施有很大困难,会造成人流通行空间隔断,同时使用大量大面积、大跨度的防火卷帘,也增加消防设施本身的不可靠性。因此,需要运用消防性能化评估的方法对其新的设计理念的合理性进行论证和调整。如将中庭两侧的商铺设置为独立的防火单元,在此基础上将室内步行街设置为临时安全区,并从防火分隔、防烟排烟、人员疏散、自动灭火系统等方面提出针对性消防设计方案,并利用消防安全工程分析方法,分析消防设计方案是否能满足防止火灾大规模蔓延和人员安全疏散的需要。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

    The trouble with Christmas is that it comes just before the end of the year. Early in January, lots of bills

arrive. There I am, surrounded by presents, having spent all last year's salary and most of this year's, too,

when little brown envelopes start dropping through the letter box. The gas, the electricity, the telephone-lots

of pieces of paper, all asking for money.

    I suppose the people who send these bills didn't want to spoil my Christmas, so they didn't send the bills

to me before 25th December. It's really very kind of them, but I wish they'd send a letter to my bank manager

explaining what is going to happen immediately after the holiday. Then he would be ready for me when I go

to see him, and it would save me a difficult fifteen minutes while I explain why I need to borrow £ 200 and

he tells me why I can't have it.

    Next year it's all going to be different. In my house, we are going to have Christmas in July, during our

summer holiday. So next December I'll have enough money in the bank to pay all the bills. It's a wonderful

idea but the only problem is that my wife and children don't seem to like it very much..

1. The people the writer should pay ______. [ ]

A. are kind to him

B. want to spoil his Christmas

C. want to say 'Merry Christmas' to him

D. cost him more money than he can pay by sending him a lot of bills

2. At the end of the year, the writer is usually ______. [ ]

A. worried because of so many bills

B. having a sunny day

C. worried about how to spend his holiday

D. visiting his friends abroad

3. The passage tells that ______. [ ]

A. trouble sometimes comes with happiness

B. money is everything

C. no money means no happy

D. money can buy happiness

名词解释