问题 问答题

如图所示,间距为L=0.45m的带电金属板M、N竖直固定在绝缘平面上,板间形成匀强电场,场强E=1.5×104V/m.N板接地(电势为零),其中央有一小孔,一根水平绝缘细杆通过小孔,其左端固定在极板M上.现有一质量m=0.05kg,带电量q=+5.0×10-6C的带正电小环套在细杆上,小环与细杆之间的动摩擦因数为μ=0.1.小环以一定的初速度对准小孔向左运动,若小环与金属板M发生碰撞,碰撞中能量不损失(即碰后瞬间速度大小不变).设带电环大小不计且不影响金属板间电场的分布(g取10m/s2).求:

(1)带电小环以多大的初速度v0进入电场,才能恰好到达金属板M?

(2)若带电小环以初速度v1=1m/s进入电场,当其动能等于电势能时,距离N板多远?

(3)小环至少以多大的初速度v2进入电场,它在电场中运动时找不到动能与电势能相等的点?

答案

(1)小环进入电场后,在电场力与摩擦力共同作用下减速直到M板,速度变为零,根据动能定理,有-qEL-μmgL=0-

1
2
mv02

v0=

2(qE+μmg)L
m
=
2(5.0×10-6×1.5×104+0.1×0.05×10)×0.45
0.05
m/s=1.5m/s

(2)带电小环以初速度v1=1m/s进入电场后先向左作减速运动,当其动能等于电势能时,设它距离N板为x,有

1
2
mv02-qEx-μmgx=qEx

解得x=

mv02
4qE+2μmg
=
0.05×12
4×5.0×10-6×1.5×104+2×0.1×0.05×10
m=0.125m

还有一种情况,当小环运动到左边最远点并向右返回到小孔的过程中,也可能会出现动能等于电势能.设它向左运动的最远距离为d,根据动能定理,有-qEd-μmgd=0-

1
2
mv12

解得d=

mv12
2(qE+μmg)
=
0.05×12
2×(5.0×10-6×1.5×104+0.1×0.05×10)
m=0.2m

当其动能等于电势能时,设它距离N板为y,有qE(d-y)-μmg(d-y)=qEy

解得y=

(qE-μmg)d
2qE-μmg
=
(5.0×10-6×1.5×104-0.1×0.05×10)×0.2
2×5.0×10-6×1.5×104-0.1×0.05×10
m=0.05m

(3)小环以初速度v2进入电场后,若它运动到M板时的动能大于其电势能,则它在电场中运动时找不到动能与电势能相等的点,有

1
2
mv22-(qE+μmg)L>qEL

v2
2(2qE+μmg)L
m
=
2(2×5.0×10-6×1.5×104+0.1×0.05×10)×0.45
0.05
/s=
3.6
m/s
≈1.9m/s

答:(1)带电小环以初速度1.5m/s进入电场,才能恰好到达金属板M;

(2)若带电小环以初速度v1=1m/s进入电场,当其动能等于电势能时,距离N板的距离为0.125m或0.05m;

(3)小环至少以1.9m/s的初速度进入电场,它在电场中运动时找不到动能与电势能相等的点.

阅读理解

Visiting U.S. President George W. Bush said in Beijing Friday that both China and the United States should encourage bilateral(双边的) contacts and exchanges to promote mutual(相互) understanding.

“It’s important for our political leaders to come to China,” said Bush, who gave a speech Friday morning at Qinghua University, one of the most prestigious universities in China.

His working visit to China and discussions with Oinghua students “help promote” Sino-U.S.(中美) relations, Bush said in response to a student’s question about what he would do to promote Sino-U.S. relations.

“Many people in my country are very interested in China,” he said, adding that these Americans have learned more about China’s culture and the Chinese people.

He said that he would keep encouraging such contacts and exchanges between the two countries.

Bush said that he would describe back home what he has seen here and that China as a great nation not only has a “great history” but also an “unbelievably exciting future.”

The president said that the 2008 Olympic Games would make a significant opportunity for the rest of the world to understand China, which enables more people to come to China and feel the modernization taking place, and many more people will see it on the television.

Bush arrived in Beijing Thursday for a two-day working visit to China.

小题1:What the word “prestigious” in the second paragraph probably means?

A.great

B.famous

C.honorable

D.modest小题2:Which of the sentence is NOT true?

A.Bush think bilateral contacts and mutual understanding will promote Sino-U.S. relations.

B.Many Americans are interested in China.

C.Bush and the students of Qinghua discussed something about how to make China richer and stronger.

D.The 2008’s Olympic Games is a great change for China been known by the world.小题3: Many Americans are interested in China because _______.

A.they want to come here to take part in the 2008 Olympic Games

B.they have learned something of China and they want to learn more

C.China has been taking place great change

D.China has a “great history” and “unbelievably exciting future”小题4:The narrator(叙述者) of the passage was most probably _____.

A.a reporter

B.a psychologist

C.a politician

D.a sociologist

单项选择题