问题 综合题

阅读下列材料

材料一 《孟子·梁惠王上》载“五亩之宅,树之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;鸡豚狗彘乏畜,无失其时,七十者可以食肉矣;百亩之田,勿夺其时,数口之家可以无饥矣……七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。”

材料二 “天子受命于天,天下受命于天子……王者承天意以行事,与天同者,大治;与天异者,大乱。”                            

——董仲舒《春秋繁露》

材料三 他(顾炎武)读过黄宗羲的《明夷待访录》之后,对其中的许多观点深表赞同,对该书也推崇备至。……他认为:“人君之于天下,不能以独治也;独治之而刑繁矣,众治之而刑措矣。反对‘独治’,主张‘众治’。他进而提出了‘以天下之权寄之天下之人’的命题。”

——摘自史仲文、胡晓林主编:《中国全史》

(1)材料体现了孟子的什么治国思想?他设想的社会保障标准是什么?这种理想社会的实质是什么? (3分)

(2)材料二反映了作者什么主张?它对封建社会有何影响?(3分)

(3)根据材料三,归纳顾炎武对君主专制的主要态度。根据材料和所学知识,分析导致这种态度产生的主要原因。(4分)

答案

(1)治国思想:仁政。(1分)

标准:每户拥有“五亩之宅”、“百亩之田”。 (1分)

实质:丰衣足食、自给自足的小农经济。(1分)

(2)君权神授、天人感应。(1分)

影响:它使儒家思想更适应专制主义中央集权的需要,成为封建社会的思想基础。(2分)

(3)态度:批判君主专制制度。(1分)

原因:工商业的发展、资本主义萌芽产生;明朝统治腐败导致灭亡;《明夷待访录》的影响。(3分)

本题考查了古代从百家争鸣到明末清初儒家思想的发展。其中第一问主要考查百家争鸣时期儒家代表孟子的“仁政”主张及其标准和实质,要求学生能从材料中概括;第二问主要考查董仲舒对儒学的新发展及其影响;第三问主要考查明清之际顾炎武的主张,要求学生能结合资本主义萌芽发展的背景指出其对君主专制批判的态度。

阅读理解

 Our sense of hearing is one of the most important means of knowing what is going on around us. We are warned of danger by sounds. The sounds of music please us. Sound has a waste product, too, in the form of noise. Noise has been called unwanted sound. Noise is growing and it may get much worse before it gets any better.

Scientists, for several years, have been studying how noise affects people and animals and are alarmed by what they have learned.

Peace and quiet are becoming harder to find. Noise pollution is no joke. It is a threat that should be looked at carefully.

Sound is measured in units called decibels (分贝). At a level of 140 decibels people feel pain in their ears.

Trucks, buses, motorcycles, airplanes, boats, and factories all make noise. This noise bothers not only our ears, but our minds and bodies as well.

There is a saying about "it is so noisy that you can't hear yourself think". Doctors who study noise believe that we must be able to hear ourselves think most of the time. If we don't, we may have headaches, other aches and pains, or even mental problems. Noise adds even more tension to a society which already faces too much stress.

49.The sense of hearing _______.

A.makes people feel angry   

B.makes people want to dance

C.helps people to know what is happening around them

D.is something harmful to people

50.When sound is turned into noise, _______.

A.people become ill                  B.it makes people forget the past

C.people don't know how to deal with it  D.it becomes a kind of pollution

51.Why does the passage say " Peace and quiet are becoming harder to find " ?

A.Sounds of over 140 decibels are common these days.

B.There are always wars going on in the world.

C.The world is making more and more noise.

D.All kinds of machines make noises.

52.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A.Scientists are warning people noise can be harmful.

B.It's possible for man to get rid of all noises.

C.Sounds under 140 decibels are not considered to be noise.

D.Society has become more lively because there is noise now. 

多项选择题