问题 多项选择题

刺激球旁细胞分泌肾素增多的因素是()

A.入球小动脉血流量减少

B.入球小动脉血流量增多

C.肾动脉压力下降

D.肾动脉压力升高

E.Na+浓度减低

答案

参考答案:A, C, E

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成下题。

胡杨祭

刘湘晨

人们常说:野生胡杨树,一千年不死,一千年不倒,一千年不朽……

——古维吾尔语

几乎所有见诸文字的表述中都将这里称作“死亡之海”,沙漠腹地的克里雅人却执拗地以此为故乡,他们把这里称作原来居住的地方。这种古老的故乡情结最早很可能与这些胡杨树有关。若许多年后,好景不在,失去了故乡的克里雅人一定是世界上最为悲伤的族群,如同秀色尽去、满目斑痕的胡杨树。

望着大漠荒原,让人遐想万端。树木已被伐尽,荒原正处在退化的某一过程中。我注意到地面的车辙已远不是农人和牧民擅用的牛车或小毛驴车的轮迹,而是地道的机械轮痕,拖拉机、汽车都在频频进入荒漠,这意味着什么呢?不能不让人觉其无限恐怖!

走一路,寻索一路,每有胡杨树,我必仔细浏览,驻足长久,如急于兑现一个久远的梦。每每在一株或一片胡杨前伫立,不知道我何以会有那么深的怜惜。

仅在二百年前,发源于塔克拉玛干四周众山间的河流多还处在发育盛期,水源充足,水势旺,一气呵成,倾泻而去,一直抵达沙漠腹地,最终汇入万宗之宿的罗布泊。如今,罗布泊一片干涸。从前所有最终汇入罗布泊的河流尽数萎缩,就连通贯整个塔克拉玛干的那条母亲河——塔里木河,也缩短了几百公里,河水汛期来得格外迟,枯季却变得更长,让人盼而无期。死去的胡杨兀立荒原,树皮尽褪,树心儿被掏空,在碧蓝的天幕之下,一具躯干愈显得惨白,铭志着已失去的无数沧桑岁月。胡杨树倒后仅剩的一段残根也被掏空了,如一口巨缸的缸洞。

伴随着河流的退化和它们每次的改道,像牧人丢弃揩屁股的土块儿一样,与河水伴生的大片胡杨林终被抛弃了,最终尽数枯死,在塔克拉玛干常见到成片成片的胡杨林静若一片坟场,就是这个原因。河道收缩和胡杨林退化,又是人不断迁徙的原因,从沙漠的深处逐步向距水源更近、也更利于生存的地方靠近。这段历史有多长呢?没有人知道。

我努力想象这里从前确有一座桥,还有一处傍河而居的人家,这是一处隔世的田园。风尘远去了,只有家的宁静与温馨,一位即将从远处来的亲戚会让一家人长久处在期待与兴奋之中。他们会倾尽所有来表达自己的心境。这或许是这个家一年的盛事。而更多平常的日子如同荒原本身一样朴实无华,如同岁月流逝一样不露形色,只守着一份心的宁静与知足。

后来呢?谁也不知道那个傍河而居的人家因什么原因离开了这里……

胡杨树严重退化,只有次生林生机勃勃,生长期多在五十年到百年之间。上一代的胡杨已是一片与荒原本身实在不再有什么差异的景观,树干裸露,树冠褪去,虬枝枯老,似是终期不远的老人。在更大的视界里,胡杨林与尘土一色,寒风吹过,摆动的树干和那些永远不能再摆动的树干,还有慢慢成灰的一座座胡杨坟,都在诉说一个久远又在眼前的故事。

我尊敬胡杨是荒漠中的英雄树,给人以绝境中重生的启示。夏季,披一身油绿犹如沙漠中的绿色火炬;秋季,抖动着金色的双臂装点着原野的苍茫;冬季,像一位长发及肩的女孩子挟着一股寒气向你跑来。

我们还会拥有一个长有胡杨树的梦吗?人类最后的痛苦就是家园的失去,祖先最初的热土,该不是家园最后的墓志吧?

小题1:作者在第二段中问道:“这意味着什么呢?”请你试着回答一下,这意味着什么呢?

小题2:文中说:“都在诉说一个久远又在眼前的故事。”“久远”和“眼前”的故事分别是什么?

小题3:从全文看,胡杨林退化的原因有哪些?

小题4:结合原文,回答下面的问题。

1.作者为什么称胡杨是英雄树?它给人们哪些启示?

2.简要分析概括作者对胡杨怀有怎样复杂的思想感情。

单项选择题

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

C

When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.

These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”

Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.

The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”

What can be inferred from the last paragraph?()

A. competent adults know more about love than work.

B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.

C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.

D. Independence is the key to one’s success.