问题 单项选择题

构成传染过程的必须具备因素是()

A.病原体、人体和他们所处的环境

B.病人、污染物和外界环境

C.寄生虫的中间宿主与终末宿主

D.微生物媒介与宿主

E.传染源、传播途径与易感人群

答案

参考答案:A

解析:这是一道记忆、理解题。考核学生对传染过程的必备因素的认识。预测错误率较高。常见错误:①选答"B","病人、污染物和外界环境"不是构成传染过程的必备因素,因为人体同病原体相互作用、相互斗争的过程,才叫传染。应复习传染的概念;②选答"D","微生物媒介与宿主"是传染病流行过程的条件,并不是构成传染过程的必须具备因素;③选答"E","传染源、传播途径与易感人群"是传染病的流行过程的基本条件,并不是构成传染过程的必须具备因素。要点在传染过程中,病原体是变化的条件,人体是变化的根据,病原体要通过人体起作用,至于环境因素,不仅可以改变病原生物的生存条件,而且可以引起它们遗传性质的改变,使之丧失或获得新的对人体的致病能力,因此构成传染过程的必须具备因素是病原体、人体和他们所处的环境。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Burkina Faso student teacher Hema Cecile has a lot more time to crack the books thanks to a recent initiative from the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The launch of the Lighting Africa program by the two organizations this year has made it possible for Cecile to swap kerosene lamps for a solar-powered LED lantern.

Lighting Africa is a $12 million project which intends to bring light to the poorest regions across sub-Saharan Africa. The program works with the lighting industry to develop clean, affordable lighting and energy solutions for millions without access to electric grids. Its aim is to accelerate the market and to develop education programs that inform off-grid populations currently dependent on costly, inefficient and hazardous fuel-based lighting about modern alternatives.

Cecile used to spend $3-4 a month on kerosene for her lamp. That is a large proportion of her earnings—like 70 percent of the population she lives on less than $2 a day. In the weeks since buying her lantern she has managed to read four books including Madame Bovary. by Gustave Flaubert and Emile Zola’s Germinal. She is among the most learned in a society which has the world’s lowest literacy rate, according to a 2007 UN Human Development Report. When she graduates next year she will teach in a local junior school She makes ends meet by holiday jobs as a cleaner and an IT trainer. To earn her daily ration of cornmeal she does shifts from May to September in a corn field.

The lanterns are designed to look like the kerosene ones they are replacing in order to increase adoption among the population. Each has a small solar panel on the top and costs an average $30, although some cost $100, depending on the size of the battery and the number of LED lights it contains.

Because of the large number of sunlight hours in Burkina Faso, the lamps can be relied on to work whenever needed. The battery life is 2-4 years, and can be replaced once they lose their storage capacity. The LED lights last 5-10 years.

Although it is barely out of its trial period the project, Chabanne said there are signs the project is a boon for the population in areas other than household savings and education. "There are fewer people reporting eye problems to the local hospital.

Which one of the following is NOT one of the measures to promote the use of the new lanterns()

A. Similar looks with the old kerosene ones

B. Fixed price of $30 for all models

C. Reliable to work when needed

D. Replaceable batteries