问题 单项选择题

CSMA/CD协议可以利用多种监听算法来减少发送冲突的概率,下面关于各种监听算法的描述中,正确的是()。

A.非坚持型监听算法有利于减少网络空闲时间

B.I-坚持型监听算法有利于减少冲突的概率

C.P-坚持型监听算法无法减少网络的空闲时间

D.I-坚持型监听算法能够及时抢占信道

答案

参考答案:D

解析:

以太网采用的监听算法有三种,即非坚持型监听算法、1-坚持型监听算法、P-坚持型监听算法。对于每一种算法在发送数据帧之前都先监听信道。如果信道上有别的站发送的载波信号,则说明信道忙,否则信道是空闲的。

对于非坚持监听算法,如果监听到信道是空闲的,则立即发送;如果信道是忙的,则后退一个随机时间,然后再继续监听。由于随机时延后退,从而减少了冲突的概率;然而,可能出现的问题是因为后退而使信道闲置一段时间,这使信道的利用率降低,而且增加了发送时延。

对于1-坚持型监听算法,如果监听到信道是空闲的,则立即发送;如果信道是忙的,继续监听,直到信道空闲后再发送。这种算法的优缺点与前一种正好相反:有利于抢占信道,减少信道空闲时间;但是多个站同时都在监听信道时必然发生冲突。

P-坚持型监听算法汲取了以上两种算法的优点,如果监听到信道是空闲的,以概率P发送,以概率(1-P)延迟一个时间单位,一个时间单位等于网络传输延迟τ;若信道忙,继续监听直到信道空闲。

综上所述,可见,非坚持型监听算法能减少冲突的概率,但介质利用率较低;1-坚持型监听算法介质利用率较高,但增加冲突的概率;而P-坚持型监听算法是一种折中的算法。

选择题
阅读理解

There are lots of attractions in St.Petersburg.If you’re short of time to visit all of them,or if you just want to make sure to hit the highlights(最精彩的部分),the following are the top must- see sights in St.Petersburg.

1.The Hermitage Museum

The Hermitage Museum is one of the most important sights to see for any visitor to St.Petersburg.There you can see lots of different paintings painted by the old masters.Prepare to come face to face with many of the western classical artists.

2.Kizhi Island

Kizhi Island is an open-air museum of wooden buildings from the Karelia region of Russia. These impressive structures are made without any nails(钉子).Can you imagine how the wood fits together? Come and see for yourself!

3.Peterhof

Peterhof is as beautiful as it is fun.You’ll be charged for admission(门票),but if you go to Peterhof when the fountains(喷泉) are working—during the day in summer—the admison will be worth it.

4.Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood

Love it or hate it,Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood in St.Petersburg is a real must-see sight.This beautiful building will truly surprise you,and the paintings inside the church will make you say“Wow!”

5.The Bronze Horseman Statue

The so-called Bronze Horseman is a part of Russian culture and is a symbol of St. Petersburg.Made famous by Alexander Pushkin,this statue of Peter the Great sitting on his horse truly shows Peter the Great’s influence on the Russian idea of greatness.

1.If you are interested in paintings,you’d better go to _________.

A.The Hermitage Museum and Kizhi Island

B.The Bronze Horseman Statue and Kizhi Island

C.Kizhi Island and Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood

D.The Hermitage Museum and Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood

2.What can we learn about Kizhi Island?

A.Kizhi Island is an indoor museum.

B.Visitors can find nails in the structures there.

C.The buildings on Kizhi Island are made of wood.

D.The wooden buildings are connected with wires.

3.We can learn from the text that        .

A.visitors can visit Peterhof free of charge

B.The Hermitage Museum has lots of modern western arts

C.the fountains in Peterhof can be seen by visitors all year round

D.The Bronze Horseman Statue is a symbol of St.Petersburg

4.The author wrote the text to_________.

A.attract tourists to visit St.Petersburg

B.show the wonderful history of Russia

C.persuade artists to go to St.Petersburg

D.introduce the famous buildings of Russia