问题 问答题 简答题

不同生命阶段广告及营销策略的主要任务和方向是什么?

答案

参考答案:

导入期(IntroductoryPhase):

当企业向市场上推出某种新产品时,没人知道这种产品,为了教育消费者,企业不得不刺激市场的初级需求(PrimaryDemand),即消费者对整个产品品种的需求,而不是对某一特定品牌的需求。当移动电话机于80年代刚刚面市时,广告主不得不首先培养足够的消费需求,以便将产品拉入分销渠道,我们把这种做法称为"拉式战略"(PullStrategy)。广告传播则向广大消费者宣传这种新产品及其系列,解释什么叫移动电话,它如何工作,以及拥有一部移动电话的好处。针对零售市场的销售推广力量采用"推式战略"(PushStrategy)--鼓励经销商和批发商储备、展示和宣传这种新产品。

在产品导入期,任何新产品品种都会让企业付出高额代价:教育顾客、建立广泛的经销网络、刺激需求。在该阶段,广告方必须花费大量的广告经费建立自己的市场领导地位,力争在成长期开始前就赢得较大的市场份额。

■成长期(GrowthStage):

当销量飞速上升时,产品进入成长期。这一时期的特点是市场快速扩大,越来越多的顾客受大众广告和品牌的影响,一而再、再而三地进行购买活动,竞争对手出现,但早已确立了领导地位的企业仍是最大的获利者。此时,按销售总额百分比计算,广告费支出所占比例会有所下降,企业首次实现大量利润。

90年代初期,移动电话的需求量扩大,每年以四倍的销量递增,市场上突然出现了众多竞争者。随着产量的增加和竞争的加剧,产品价格开始下跌,这又使得更多的人得以购买产品。

(如图)

■成熟期(MaturityStage):

进入成熟期,由于竞争产品的增加和新顾客人数的收缩,市场逐渐饱和,企业销量趋于稳定,竞争进入白热化,利润减少。在此阶段,企业纷纷加强自己的促销力量,着重向顾客突出选择性需求(SelectiveDemand),强调自己品牌的微弱优势。销量的增长是以牺牲竞争对手为代价的,我们称之为征服性销售(ConquestSales)。在这个淘汰过程中,市场细分战略、产品定位战略和价格促销战略都变得更为重要,一些弱小企业半途夭折,剩下的则奋力拼杀,以图扩大自己的市场份额,那怕只是一点儿。

广告强调产品的特点及其低廉价格,于是,产品成了一种标准折扣商品。成熟期的移动电话市场竞争也进入白热化,利润减少。在此阶段,生产企业纷纷加强自己的促销力量。到了2000年,我们经常见到过去售价2000元的移动电话宣现只卖1200元。

到成熟期后期,企业往往会力争延长产品的生命周期。他们尽力寻找新用户,开发产品的新用途,改变包装规格,设计新的标识,改进产品质量。名牌产品如不进行革新,其销量很快就会下降,加之被宣传的品牌如果的确并不比别人的更好,人们就可能随便选择一种更好的品牌。

■衰退期(DeclineStage):

最后,由于过时、技术革新或新的消费品的出现,产品进入衰退期。这时企业可能停止所有促销活动,迅速停止产品的生产,如转盘式录音机和密纹唱片;或仅用少量的广告维持,让产品逐步自行消亡,大多数针织品品牌就是这么做的。

单项选择题

After winning a big game, athletes are often asked how they feel. Usually athletes say how (1) it is to win this big game. On the contrary, the fact is that losing a big game, or in my case, all the games, can be even harder.
From the spectators’ point of view, last year’s basketball (2) for my high school team was nothing (3) of an embarrassment. And (4) 0 and 20 is certainly nothing to be proud of, that season had a bigger impact on me than any other. As a team captain, I knew it probably wouldn’t be the (5) year, but did I ever think we would lose every game Of course not. Since six of our top players had graduated, it was clear that we were a (n) (6) team who would struggle. The struggle began earlier than expected, (7) , as our team center was suspended (禁赛) for the season, and two key members decided to (8) for some reason. At this point, dropping out probably passed through every player’s mind, but in the end, we all stuck if out, (9) to work still harder.
Then there came a time when even our (10) and given up on us. Personally, I felt like it was (11) worthwhile giving my all. I thought, if even the coach doesn’t believe in us, why should I But just as my hope began to (12) , a teammate called a meeting. He said," Nobody thinks we are going to win, but, as teammates and friends, we (13) it to each other to go all out every game. "
It was that moment that (14) me how to be a leader. It hit me that I certainly didn’t (15) the role. As a leader you can never quit (16) the team who looks up to you. It is one (17) to be named captain, feel great and go through the motions, but it is quite another to be a real captain and make sure everyone realizes their full (18) all the time.
I am sure it is great to go through without losing and bringing home awards. But in all honesty, I (19) the fact that my team lost every game last year. It may not help me to become a better basketball player, but it already has made me a better leader, and (20)

A.fade
B.gain
C.destroy
D.grow

单项选择题