问题 综合题

材料一 别子(嫡长子)为祖,继别为宗,继弥者为小宗。有百世不迁之宗,有五世则迁之宗。百世不迁者,别子之后也。宗其继别子之所自出者,百世不迁者也。——《礼记·大传》

材料二 廷尉李斯议曰:“周文武所封子弟同姓甚众,然后属疏远,相攻击如仇雠,诸侯更相诛伐,周天子弗能禁止。”——《史记·秦始皇本纪》

材料三 天下之道……使贤者居上,不肖者居下,而后可以理安。今夫封建者,继世而理;继世而理者,上果贤乎,下果不肖乎?……圣贤生于其时,亦无以立于天下,封建者为之也。

——柳宗元《封建论》

材料四 秦人任智力以自雄,收万方以自私,敢于变百圣之大法,自速其年世,以遗生民气运世世无穷之大祸,祖龙(秦始皇)之罪上通于天矣!——清·颜元《习斋四存编》

请回答:

(1)据材料一,指出该制度对维护周天子权威有何积极作用?

(2)据材料二、三,分别概括李斯和柳宗元的观点。结合所学知识,指出从秦到唐哪些重要的政治制度体现了他们的观点?

(3)据材料四,分析清人颜元反对郡县制的理由。

(4)结合所学知识,指出上述材料中对分封制与郡县制的看法产生较大差异的原因。

答案

(1)建立在血缘关系基础之上的政治联系具有向心力,有利于加强周天子的权威,有利于西周王朝的长治久安。

(2)李斯认为随着血缘关系的疏远,导致封建制无法有效运行;柳宗元认为在世袭封建制下统治者的素质得不到保障。郡县制、科举制。

(3)颜元认为郡县制是君主实现自私天下的手段。

(4)时代背景;看问题角度;个人学识修养等。

本题考查学生对中国古代地方制度的理解分析能力。第(1)问,根据材料一提供的信息反映的是宗法制,作用是政治隶属和血缘纽带相结合,加强君主权威,巩固统治。第(2)问,材料二“相攻击如仇雠”和材料三“圣贤生于其时,亦无以立于天下,封建者为之也”反映的是李斯和柳宗元对于分封制注重血缘关系的否定,不利于选拔优秀人才为国家服务,不利于统治。第(3)问,根据材料四“收万方以自私”归纳为郡县制是君主专制实现自私天下的手段。第(4)问,可以从所处的时代背景、看问题的角度、个人的素养等方面分析。

完形填空

 完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从短文后所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑

Have you heard of “Green hotels”?   36    you stay at a green hotel, you help reduce the unfriendly   37   that hotel has on the environment.

“Green hotels” include any hotels, motels, and inns that use energy and other resources   38   environmentally (环境) responsible ways. These green hotels take advantage of (利用)   39   resources when possible, make effective   40   of resources that can’t be reused, and   41  that many byproducts(副产品)are reused or recycled.

__42  2.6 million hotel rooms are rented in the United States daily.  43  , an astonishing number of hotel   44   need clothes washed, meals prepared, fresh water for showers and toilets, and energy for lights, heating, and cooling. Thus, there is a great       _45  for green hotel practices(做法).

46    a guest of a green hotel, you will receive quality service  47    knowing you are helping the environment. Hotels also realize cost savings when they  48   green hotel practices, which they can then use to   49    guest services.

Some green hotels are already making a big   50   . For example;

1. By switching to more energy-effective  51   , the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City has saved 1.2 million kilowatt hours per year.

2. One hotel reduced water use by 2 million gallons per year when it   52    a chef (厨师)who was improperly defrosting(解冻)food by running water over it.

3. The Fairmont Acapulco Princess and Fairmont Pierre Marques filter(过滤器) and treat

53    and reuse it to water their golf courses.

These and other green hotels are   54   responsible steps, but many others have not yet accepted the green hotel challenge. You can help by supporting green hotel practices every time you  55   .

36. A. When                      B. Before                  C. Unless                            D. Although

37. A. pollution                  B. cost                        C. effect                               D. step

38. A. with                          B. through                 C. by                                     D. in

39. A. wasted                     B. reused                   C. limited                   D. lost

40. A. time                          B. space                     C. use                                   D. usage

41. A. make sure               B. make up                C. make fun                        D. make room

42. A. Much more             B. Over                       C. More                               D. Above

43. A. Besides                   B. As a result            C. In the end                       D. As a matter of fact

44. A. professors               B. waiters                  C. door-keepers                 D. guests

45. A. need                         B. necessity             C. require                              D. request

46. A. With                         B. To                            C. As                                     D. By

47. A. before                      B. at                           C. in                                     D. while

48. A. get                           B. accept                    C. receive                            D. take

49. A. change                     B. improve                 C. make                               D. lift

50. A. act                           B. face                        C. control                               D. difference

51. A. lighting                   B. line                         C. action                              D. management

52. A. used                          B. found                      C. fired                                 D. questioned

53. A. wastewood             B. wasteland             C. wastepaper                            D. wastewater

54. A. making                    B. taking                     C. borrowing                      D. getting

55. A. walk                          B. journey                  C. play                                  D. travel           

单项选择题