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     Traditional surgical procedures require surgeons to make large incisions (伤口) in a patient's body in order

to gain access to the organs inside. It was once common for heart surgeons, who perform highly specialized

and complex procedures, to make long incisions in a patient's chest and then split the breastbone to reach the

heart. Patients who undergo surgery are often at the risk of infection (感染), as bacteria can infect the cut in

the skin. In addition, there is often a lengthy recovery period.

     A surgical technique known as "keyhole surgery" has become more common in recent years. In general,

the surgeon will make a couple of small incisions around the area where the operation I'm going to be

performed. Tubes are pushed into the holes, and a tiny camera is put into the body. The camera is attached to

a large monitor screen and the doctor can see it while performing the operation. In addition to the camera,

doctors also push their tiny surgical instruments through the tubes. The awkward part of keyhole surgery is

that it is counterintuitive; that is to say, if a surgeon wants to move the tool to the left, he or she must push it

to the right.

     Another new machine called the "da Vinci Surgical System" has been tested in hospitals in the US-Unlike

keyhole surgery, this robot's moving parts are designed to copy man's hand and wrist movement, thus

providing better control and sensitivity. Sitting at a console (控制台) a few feet from the patient, the surgeon

can control the instruments by moving highly sensitive pads. The area of the body is enlarged on a screen,

which gives surgeons a view similar to that of a traditional surgical procedure.

     The da Vinci Surgical System has been welcomed as revolutionary by many surgeons. Patients with serious

illnesses must still undergo major surgery, but the smaller incisions typically mean a shorter recovery time. On

the downside, some operations have taken up to fifty minutes longer because surgeons are inexperienced at

using the new technology. As surgeons become more familiar with the machines, the time needed for surgical

procedures is likely to decrease.

1. What can be learned about the traditional surgery according to the passage?

A. Long incisions are made in a patient's chest.

B. It often takes a longer time to do an operation.

C. The cost of the traditional surgery is very high.

D. The incision is likely to be infected after the operation.

2. Which of the following is one disadvantage of keyhole surgery?

A. It requires the use of long thin tools and a tiny camera.

B. The doctor cannot view the inside of the patient's body clearly.

C. The direction in which a doctor moves the surgical tools is opposite.

D. A tiny camera has to be inserted into the patient's body in advance.

3. The da Vinci Surgical System differs from keyhole surgery in that it _____.

A. requires that a surgeon make more small incisions on a patient

B. reduces the amount of time it takes to perform a surgical procedure

C. allows the surgeon to use the surgical instruments more sensitively

D. gets rid of the need for surgeons to make large incisions on patients

4. The passage mainly tells readers about _____.

A. the challenges brought about by new technology

B. the application of new technologies in modem surgery

C. the reflections on the development in medical science

D. the benefits and drawbacks of the da Vinci Surgical System