问题 阅读理解与欣赏

材料概括分析题(15分)

《花间集》里,大部是闺情、别意、流连光景之作。不好的不讲,做得好的,自成一种凄惋、惆怅、柔丽、细腻的风格。人几乎这样想:像《花间》这样的才是词。如其词的领域为《花间》独占,是词的不幸;要它继续发展,意境上、材料上须得开拓须得丰富才行。《四库提要》说:“词自晚唐五代以来,以清切婉丽为宗,至轼而又一变,如诗家之有韩愈,遂开南宋辛弃疾等一派。寻流溯源,不能不谓之别格。”又说:“(辛)词慷慨纵横,有不可一世之概,于倚声家为变调。”这里关于苏、辛在词的历史上的位置,及对于他们的风格的认识,都说得很是。但是透露了两个意义相类的名目——“别格”、“变调”,——言外若有微辞,就不免失却评衡家无所容心的鉴赏的态度。我们固然不说新生的是“常格”是“正调”,可以抹杀旧来的;但也不说旧来的因为发生在先,故是“常格”是“正调”,而新生的与此不同,便是“别格”是“变调”。“清切婉丽”为什么是正?“慷慨纵横”为什么是变?这些常别正变的议论,是拘泥褊狭的评衡家造了出来,因以减损自己的鉴赏力的,犹如蚕儿吐丝作茧,却裹住了自己的身体。要能充分地鉴赏文艺,就得丢开这些无益的观念。这样,才能真切地吟味苏、辛的词,同样也能真切地吟味《花间》派的词。

                                (选自叶圣陶《〈苏辛词〉绪言》,有删改)

小题1:文中《四库提要》描述了词的哪三个发展阶段?请加以概括。(4分)

小题2:“犹如蚕儿吐丝作茧,却裹住了白己的身体”一句如何理解?(5分)

小题3:你是否同意《四库提要》中称苏、辛词为“别格”、“变调”的说法,试举例具体分析说明。(6分)

答案

小题1:第一个阶段是晚唐五代,以《花间集》为代表。第二个阶段是北宋时期,以苏轼为代表。第三个阶段是南宋时期,以辛弃疾为代表。

小题2:比喻的手法,把某些批评家的褊狭的观点喻为蚕儿吐丝作茧,束缚了思想,减损了艺术鉴赏力。批评了某些批评家缺乏客观公正的鉴赏态度。

小题3:同意。自《花间》以来,词已形成了以清切婉丽为正宗的风格,题材以闺情、别意、流连光景为主。可是,到了苏、辛词,内容无所不有,风格慷慨纵横,如苏轼的《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》等,明显和以前不同。所以说苏、辛词是别格、变调。

不同意。只要是词,本无所谓哪一类为正宗,只要有艺术价值即可。如苏轼《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》,扩大了词的范围,丰富了词的内容,同样具有不朽的艺术魅力。所以,没有必要认为《花间》是正宗,而苏、辛词为别格、变调。

小题1:题目具体而明确。抓住句中的几个标志性的词:“自”“至”“遂”。自此,三个发展阶段已具。这样,再提取其中的关键词即可组织答案。

【考点定位】本题考查学生归纳要点的能力,能力层次为D级。

小题2:本题考查句子含义的理解。要理解这句的含义,要做好这样几个工作:先在原文中找到这句话,看它在文中的位置,联系上下文,以确定这句话的具体语境。画线的句子,截取句子的后半句。此句前是讲拘泥褊狭,减损自己鉴赏能力。二是分析画线的句子。句中有“犹如”一词,使用比喻的手法,对前半句的内容作形象的说明。明确把前半句的什么比喻成蚕儿吐丝作茧,形象地说明了什么,表达了作者的什么情感态度。这是涉及到比喻的一般解题思路。

【考点定位】本题考查学生理解句子含义的能力,能力层次为D级。

小题3:本题是个开放性的题目。不管是同意还是不同意《四库提要》中的说法,都要能有理有据,能自圆自说。但一定要结合本材料。

【考点定位】本题考查学生对所论问题进行分析研究的能力,能力层次为D级。

阅读理解

There was once a farmer who had a fine orchard (果园). He worked very hard all his life and the orchard always did well. But he knew that his three sons looked down upon farm work, and were only interested in getting rich quickly.

When the farmer was old and knew he was going to die, he called his three sons to him and said, “My sons, there’s a lot of gold hidden in the orchard. Dig for it, if you want to have it.” The sons tried to get him to tell them the exact place where the gold was hidden, but he said nothing more.

After the farmer was dead, the sons went to look for the gold. Since they didn’t know where the hiding-place was, they decided to begin digging all over the orchard, They dug and dug, but no gold was found. Finally they had to give up the attempt.

The next summer, the fruit crop was the biggest they had ever had. This was because of the thorough digging the orchard had got.

When the three sons saw the great amount of money they got after they sold the fruit, they suddenly understood what their wise father had meant when he said “There’s gold hidden in the orchard. Dig for it.”

72. When the old farmer was living, ____________.

A. the orchard gave rich crops each year

B. the orchard gave rich crops only when the weather conditions were good

C. the orchard had an average crop      

D. the fruit crop was usually poor

73. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The farmer’s sons were lazy and had never worked on the farm             

B. The farmer’s sons did a lot of buying and selling in town so as to get rich quickly.

C. The farmer’s sons loved farm work, because their father, who was hardworking all his life, had told them to work hard.              

D. The farmer’s sons considered farm work worthless.

74. When the sons asked their father to tell them the exact place where the gold was hidden, he told them nothing, because _________.

A. he was dying           

B. he thought they understood what he meant

C. he wanted them to dig the orchard all over        

D. the gold could easily be found

75. No gold was found because ___________.

A. the farmer’s sons hadn’t dug the orchard deep enough

B. the gold had been stolen

C. the farmer’s sons didn’t know in what part of the orchard the gold was hidden.

D. there was no gold hidden in the orchard.

问答题 简答题