问题 综合题

(15分)【历史上重大改革回眸】

材料 元明清中央王朝在西南少数民族聚居地区推行土司制度,由中央政府指定当地少数民族的部族首领充任少数民族聚居区的各级官吏,以统治少数民族,这在一定程度上起到维护中央王朝在这些地区统治的作用。但其弊端也日益显露,土司的世袭性造成割据势力的事实存在,土司间为争夺领地、承袭权而仇杀、内讧,于是明朝廷在一些矛盾比较突出的地区实行改土归流,废除西南各少数民族地区的土司制度,改由中央政府委派流官直接进行统治,实行和内地相同的地方行政制度。流官的任免、升迁、调遣均由中央政府决定,不能世袭。同时丈量土地,额定赋税,设兵防守等。但明朝在推行这一政策时,由于受到土官的抵制而不断反复。清雍正帝时,管云贵总督事鄂尔泰上奏折,建言改土归流,并拟定了实施方针,雍正帝全部批准他的建议。在雍正帝的指导下,鄂尔泰、张广泗、哈元生等督抚提督努力推行改流政策,到雍正八年(1730),云贵地区基本完成了改土归流,湘、鄂、川地区,到雍正末年、乾隆初年亦告完成。

——摘编自白寿彝主编《中国通史》

(1)根据材料,概括土官与流官的区别。(8分)

(2)简析改土归流的历史作用。(7分)

答案

(1)土官由当地部族首领担任,流官由中央委派;土官可以世袭,占有领地,享有特权,流官由中央政府任免、升迁、调遣。

(2)加强了中央政府对边疆的统治,有利于少数民族地区社会稳定和经济发展,有利于中国统一的多民族国家的巩固和经济文化的发展,有利于消除土司制度的落后性。

           

题目分析:

(1)根据材料“...由中央政府指定当地少数民族的部族首领充任少数民族聚居区的各级官吏,以统治少数民族,...土司的世袭性造成割据势力的事实存在...改由中央政府委派流官直接进行统治,实行和内地相同的地方行政制度。流官的任免、升迁、调遣均由中央政府决定,不能世袭...”,即可概括出土官与流官的区别。

(2)根据材料“...这在一定程度上起到维护中央王朝在这些地区统治的作用。但其弊端也日益显露,土司的世袭性造成割据势力的事实存在,土司间为争夺领地、承袭权而仇杀、内讧...但明朝在推行这一政策时,由于受到土官的抵制而不断反复...”,同时可以从经济文化、政治稳定等角度分析出改土归流的历史作用。

阅读理解

Britain's smallest school was closed down because its only pupil failed to turn up for class, a famous British newspaper reported in May. The newspaper said the six-year-old girl's parents were unhappy with a teacher she just got the new job to teach the only pupil.

The school was closed for the last nine months after its former(前任的) teacher retired(退休)and the only other pupil moved on to a secondary school. The new teacher, Ms Puckey, was to start teaching the girl and reopen(重开) the school. But the girl's mother is keeping her daughter at home." I was not pleased with the new teacher," the mother said, "I told the old teacher as far back as last September that if Ms Puckey got the job, my children would not be going to school." The school is on an island(岛) off the northeast coast(海岸) of Scotland. Although there was only one pupil, the school is very good in many ways and has a headmaster, three computers, a television and an art room as well as a school house with three bedrooms.

小题1:The reading is about_______.

A.the smallest school that was closed down

B.the only pupil in the smallest school

C.the new teacher and her teaching

D.the old teacher who just retired小题2:"turn up" in the reading means_______.

A.pass an exam

B.go to school

C.pay money

D.hand in homework小题3:From the reading we can know that the school_______.

A.is too far for the students

B.does not have enough teachers

C.does not have many pupils

D.is new but small小题4:Before the school was closed down_______.

A.the girl's mother wanted to teach her daughter at home

B.the only pupil had to move to a secondary school

C.a famous newspaper had written something about it

D.the girl's mother had a talk to the former teacher小题5:The reading doesn't say but we can infer(推断) that_______.

A.the girl's mother had only one child

B.the new teacher was not kind to the girl

C.the old teacher was fit to teach the girl

D.the parents were unhappy with the school

多项选择题