问题 阅读理解与欣赏

王维的“名大家”

明清诗论中对王维“名大家”的特殊定位不仅是介乎“大家”和“名家”之间的调和性观点,更是王维诗歌的独特成就在传统诗学批评标准之下的特殊境遇之写照。

中国历代诗学在评定一流大诗人的具体标准上存在着一些细微差异,但基本要求一致,即人格高尚、才大力雄、超越时代、泽被后世。其中,道德标准是成为伟大作家的首要条件,古今中外概莫能外。“伟大”不仅取决于文学艺术作品本身所表现出的审美价值和思想意义,还取决于作家本人在为人行事方面的崇高和磊落。杜甫得到“诗圣”的桂冠和普遍的尊奉主要就出于这种观念,所谓“论诗者观其大节而已”。同样,王维被主流诗学排除在“大家”之外的首要原因也就是其气节人格不够符合儒家正统思想。王维笃信佛教,不是“醇儒”,所谓“耽禅味而忘诗教,此《三百篇》之罪人矣”。“陷贼”事件又于大节有亏,宋人对王维的指摘就是典型论调。而王维的拥护者为了提升王维的地位,首先做的就是强化王维诗歌的伦理道德色彩。如推尊王维为唐诗正宗的赵殿成在《王右丞诗笺注.序》中努力为王维“陷贼“事件辩诬,强调王维的立身大节以及其诗中”有得于古者诗教之旨”和“温柔敦厚”的一面,都是为了确立王维一流“大家”的诗歌地位。

兼容并蓄,富于学力,气骨沉雄,也是取得“大家”资格的必备条件。这从宋人以杜甫的“集大成”作为“入圣”的重要条件亦可见出,明代诗学的“格调派”也是以此推尊李、杜为“大家”。王维之所以“大家不足”,主要是其诗歌表现出的自然情韵与主流诗学倡导的学养和骨力之间的差距。由于重学力格调,轻自然情韵的思想在诗学传统中长期居于主导地位,代表王维诗歌艺术特色的山水短章向来被视为诗歌正统之外的“一偏”,以至于清初王士祯为了抬高王维的地位,也要强调王维诗歌中的“沉着痛快”。

清中叶以后,以翁方纲“肌理说”为代表的崇尚学力的“宗宋派”更是逐渐占据上风,对唐诗质实的一面的重视远胜于对其情韵的关注。在这种诗学背景下,王维显然是难以位列“大家”的,即使有王士祯倡导“神韵说”而独尊王维,仍无力颠覆诗学传统中的“大家”观念。在这里,王士祯明确指出以杜甫、苏轼为代表的“长江大河”是“大家”之境,以谢朓、何逊、王维、孟浩然、韦应物为代表的“澄泽灵沼”之境是“名家”之境。然而,论者也普遍感到,与诸“名家”相比,王维有不少接近于“大家”标准的地方,因此,仅以“名家”目之似不太切当:一方面“唐人诸体诗都臻工妙者,惟王摩诘一人”;另一方面,王维在“学问”“才力”方面都超出侪辈。

(有删改)

小题1:下列对“大家”这一概念理解和分析,不正确的一项是(  )(3分)

A.“大家”必须符合传统诗学批评的标准,这些标准的基本要求历代没有变化。

B.成为“大家”的首要条件是道德标准要高,即人格的高尚。

C.成为“大家”不仅要在为人行事方面崇高和磊落,更主要的还是要有优秀的文学作品。

D.兼容并蓄,富于学历,气骨沉雄,也是取得“大家”资格的必备条件。小题2:下列对王维被排除在“大家”之外的原因的分析和理解,不正确的一项( )(3分)

王维在气节、人格上不符合儒家的正统思想。

王维因为“陷贼”事件在大节上有亏,被后人排斥于“大家”之外。

王维笃信佛教,不是“醇儒”,“耽禅味而忘诗教”。

代表王维诗歌艺术成就的是山水诗,而这些诗被视为诗歌正统之外的“一偏”。

小题3:下列对文章的理解和分析,不正确的一项(  )(3分)

A.王维被明清诗学批评家称为“名大家”,是因为王维的文学才华介于”大家”和“名家”之间。

B.赵殿成推尊王维为唐诗正宗,并说王维诗“温柔敦厚”,都是为了确立王维一流“大家”的诗歌地位。

C.王维被认为“大家不足”,主要原因是其诗歌表现的自然神韵与主流诗学倡导的内容有区别。

D.客观地说,王维在很多方面是符合“大家”标准的,比如其“学问”“才力”等都超过了当时的许多诗人。

答案

小题1:C

小题2:B

小题3:A

题目分析:

小题1:C项根据文中“道德标准是成为伟大作家的首要条件”和“‘伟大’不仅取决于文学艺术作品…还取决于作家本人在为人行事方面的崇高和磊落”,可知是故意曲解原意。

小题2:B项“后人”范围太广,文中说宋人因为”陷贼“事件指摘王维,而排斥王维于”大家“之外的是主流诗学。

小题3:A项“文学才华介于‘大家’和‘名家’之间有误。

筛选并整合文中的信息。

分析概括作者在文中的观点态度。

点评:考纲对该类文本阅读的要求是:能够“阅读一般论述类文章”。高考对此类文本的考查能力分为六个考点,分属于理解和分析综合两个能力层级。对文章阅读来说,所谓理解,包括对词句的字面含义和深层含义理解,对句间关系和文章主旨的理解。分析和综合是两种密切相关的能力。分析是把事物整体分解为各个部分、方面、层次而分别加以认识的方法。综合是把已获得的关于关于事物的各个部分、方面层次的认识联系起来,从而形成对事物的整体认识的方法。对现代文阅读来说,分析综合能力要求把句子、段落或文章,分解为不同的部分、方面和层次,从而达到对句意、段意或文章主旨的整体把握。考生只有理解了考纲的考点和各个能力层级的内涵,那么就能够在快速且有效的阅读中抓住重点语句,理清文章思路,把握作者观点,从而为答题做好充分的准备。

阅读理解

A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.

As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold. Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible.

Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.

When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago. With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words. "PAID IN FULL".

How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for.

Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect "the packaging" to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.

小题1:According to the passage we can infer that _________.

A.the author’s father was once very rich.

B.the author’s father didn’t love him.

C.the author’s father had not enough money to buy a run car.

D.the author’s thought was wildly unrealistic.小题2:When author graduated from his school, his father sent him _________.

A.a beautiful run car

B.a new leather-bound Bible

C.a gift he hoped for

D.only an empty box小题3:After graduation, author _________ before his father died.

A.often went to see his father

B.had never gone home

C.went home once in the while

D.always contacted his father by phone小题4:The passage can imply that _________.

A.Good fortune lies within bad, bad fortune lurks within good.

B.The author’s father didn’t understand his child.

C.where there is a will, there is a way.

D.Every man is the son of his own works.

填空题