问题 论述题

(24分)阅读材料,回答下列问题。

材料一: 中 * * 党第十七届中央委员会第六次全体会议审议通过了《中 * * 关于深化文化体制改革、推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣若干重大问题的决定》。《决定》起草工作是在中央政治局常委会直接领导下进行的。中央要求,《决定》起草要充分发扬民主,注意吸收各方面意见,做到科学决策、民主决策。5月上旬,文件起草组组成8个调研组,分赴12个省市和部队开展调研。文件起草组在充分吸收和采纳各方面意见的基础上形成文件框架提纲和《决定》初稿。政治局常委会多次审议,提出重要修改意见。经反复修改,形成《决定》征求意见稿。这期间,胡 * * 同志主持召开座谈会听取各民主党派中央、全国工商联负责人和无党派人士的意见。

材料二 :2012年“中央一号文件”在承继以往“三农”政策的基础上,把科技定位于实现农业持续稳定发展的根本出路。提出农业科技创新方向上要着眼长远发展,超前部署农业前沿技术和基础研究,力争在世界农业科技前沿领域占重要位置;要面向产业需求,着力突破重大关键技术和共性技术,切实解决科技与经济脱节的问题;推动产学研、农科教相结合,完善农业科技创新机制;提升农技推广能力,加快培养农业科技人才和农村实用人才。

(1)结合材料一,说明《决定》的起草过程蕴含了哪些《政治生活》的道理?(12分)

(2)结合材料二 ,说明“中央一号文件”对农业科技创新的部署是如何运用辩证思维方法的?(12分)

答案

(1)①《决定》起草工作是在中央政治局常委会直接领导下进行的体现了中 * * 党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心,是我国的执政党(3分)

②中 * * 广泛听取意见建议,做到科学决策、民主决策,体现了中 * * 党坚持科学执政、民主执政(3分)

③召开座谈会听取了各民主党派中央、全国工商联负责人和无党派人士意见体现了我国实行中 * * 党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度(3分)

④体现了中 * * 党和民主党派是通力合作、共同致力于社会主义事业的亲密友党,各民主党派是参政党。(3分)

(2)①运用了联系的思维方法。把握了科技与农业发展等的关系,系统部署了农业科技创新的各个方面。(3分) ②运用了发展的思维方法。着眼于着眼长远发展,超前部署农业前沿技术和基础研究,抢占现代农业科技制高点。(3分) ③运用了矛盾的思维方法。将科技作为农业发展的根本出路,提出农业科技创新重点,同时统筹安排农技推广、人才队伍建设,坚持了两点论和重点论的统一。(3分) ④运用了辩证否定的思维方法。在承继以往“三农”政策的基础上,立足当前农业发展实际,不断创新, 提出新的举措安排。(3分)

题目分析:(1)解答此问要仔细阅读材料,从材料中提取有效信息,联系课本理论作答即可。《决定》起草工作是在中央政治局常委会直接领导下进行的体现了中 * * 党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心,是我国的执政党,中 * * 广泛听取意见建议,体现科学决策、民主决策。召开座谈会听取了各民主党派中央、全国工商联负责人和无党派人士意见体现了我国实行中 * * 党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度,中 * * 党和民主党派是通力合作、共同致力于社会主义事业的亲密友党。(2)解答第二问要注意逐层分析材料。把科技定位于实现农业持续稳定发展的根本出路,看到了科技与农业发展的联系,坚持了联系的观点;提出农业科技创新方向上要着眼长远发展,坚持了发展的观点;要面向产业需求,着力突破重大关键技术和共性技术,坚持了矛盾的观点;完善农业科技创新机制,坚持了辩证否定的思维方法。

综合题

(11分)历史上重大改革回眸

材料一 第二次鸦片战争后,帝国教育改革出现两类公立学堂,一曰“皇堂”,二曰“西堂”。“皇堂”保证满清皇室的皇子们在未谙人事时就在教育上获得最严格的训练。

“西堂”在一定程度上是由政府资助的,除教授有关“四书五经”之类的东西外,专门修习其他诸如数学或自然科学之类西方课程,“中学”教授中国历史和孔圣人及其他先贤们的著作,“西学”则用英文、法文或日文教习,此类教师虽非国子监毕业,但大都有出国研习经历,他们普遍受到当地满清高官的尊敬和另眼相待。“西堂”的学生们每月还能从政府那儿领到一笔小小的生活补贴,大约为一元或一元五。另外,他们在学堂还有一间免费的住处。

——摘编自香港记者自由通讯汇编《帝国的回忆》

材料二 下表为1902~1904年译书统计简表。

国别

译书类别

其他总计百分比
哲学宗教102232377.0
文学艺术83411264.9
史地810902012824.0
社会科学133833713625.5
自然科学109732011221.0
应用科学3324265610.5
杂录52247387.1
总计5732321123533
百分比10.76.060.223.1100.0
——据左玉河《从四部之学到七科之学》

材料三  1912年1月19日,南京临时政府教育部颁布《普通教育暂行办法》。它对以下四个方面进行了改革:第一,各科教科书,务合乎共和民国宗旨;第二,小学读经课一律废止;第三,明令初等小学可以男女同学;第四,强调注重小学手工科。中学校以普通教育,健全国民为宗旨.开设的科目有修身、国文、外国语、历史、地理、数学、博物、物理、化学、法制、经济、图画、手工、乐歌、体操。

——摘编自裘士京《中国文化史》

(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,简析清朝“西堂”出现的背景。(2分)

(2)根据材料二并结合所学知识,说明这一阶段译书活动的主要特点,并分析其形成原因。(6分)

(3)根据材料三指出南京临时政府教育改革的特点。(3分)

问答题

Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment.

It is the inner working of own brains that we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation but, custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is other way around. (46) Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how unusual and abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of fist-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

No man ever looks at the world with primitive and unchanged eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. (47) Even in his philosophical probing(探测术) he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against any way in which we can affect traditional Custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular(本国的)of his family. (48) When one seriously studies the social orders that have the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.

(49) The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. (50) Every child that is born into his group will share them with him and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem which is more responsible for us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

(50) Every child that is born into his group will share them with him and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.