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     In many ways, the earliest periods of photography are the most satisfying. Learning to use the controls is

easy and comes quickly, and you can measure the results in terms of sharp and correctly de- veloped pictures.

Once you have mastered that, you can start on the second step of your photographic work. Using these basic

skills in the wide variety of situations to give the pictures you want, noticing what you see through the

viewfinder and turning that into the most effective picture become totally interesting.

     All good photographs have one thing in common: there is no doubt what the subject of the picture is meant

to be. Every photog- rapher must use those same standards to his or her work, not only to finished results but

to the subject before he or she takes it. Always work out quite clearly what the subject of the picture is to be

and why you are taking the picture. For example, "I am going to take a picture of this street to show the

different styles and ages of the buildings and that people have been living,working and shopping in them since

time began." By doing this you have a better idea of what to include in the picture and what to leave out. How

often have you been shown photographs taken by people away on a trip some- where? The judgment is always

similar, something about"the car park is out of the picture to the left",or " you can't quite see from this picture

but if you go up the street". The photographs are usual- ly collections of buildings, people, parked cars,

possibly a distant look of an ancient church, and best of all, a figure which you are told is Aunt Henrietta,

disappearing in the middle distance. When photographers show you their pictures, they have a clear idea of

what they want to bring to your attention, but it often does not ap- pear in the picture. If they had given just a

little of their time to think about their future judgment before taking the picture, then the picture would relate its

own story. Good pictures can show their sub- jects quickly and easily.

1. What does the first sentence of the passage mean?

A. The skills of photography are not as satisfactory nowadays as before.

B. The earliest pictures were the best pictures people have ever taken.

C. The present-day photography depends more on technology than on art.

D. Learning to produce a sharp and correctly developed picture is only the first step

     in photography and is easily learned.

2. What will it bring you if you decide the purpose of the photo- graph in advance?

A. It will allow you to leave out unnecessary material.

B. It will allow you to stand in the best place.

C. It will help you to vary the subjects of your pictures.

D. It means you will waste less time.

3. Many photographers fail because____.

A. their pictures include both buildings and people

B. everything is not clear in their pictures

C. the subjects of their pictures are not obvious

D. the explanation given for their pictures is mistaken

4. What book is this passage most likely taken from?

A. A book on photography for news reporters.

B. A book on how to photograph people.

C. A book on choosing the right camera.

D. A book on improving photographic techniques.