问题 综合题

(18分)十八届三中全会提出,“建设生态文明,必须建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系,用制度保护生态环境。要健全自然资源资产产权制度和用途管制制度,划定生态保护红线,实行资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度,改革生态环境保护管理体制。”建设生态文明,需借鉴古今中外的历史经验教训。阅读下列材料,回答问题

【材料一】天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡。应之以治则吉,应之以乱则凶。天人一也,与天同者大治,与天异者大乱,故为人主之道,莫明于在身之与天同者而用之。

——荀子

【材料二】人是万物的尺度。法律的规定是人们约定的结果,并非产生于自身(自然的产物)。

——普罗塔戈拉

【材料三】1848年英国颁布了《公共卫生法》,1878年通过了《公共卫生条例》,至此英国基本上建立起了完整的水资源污染防治的法律体系。工人阶级提出了改善自己生活条件的要求,并将此作为自己的基本权利。值得注意的是,在工人阶级的这些要求中,实际上也包括着,改善公共卫生条件,消除环境污染等内容……。英国公共卫生体系的创立者查德威克,在1842年发表了调查报告《英国劳动人口卫生状况》,用大量事实说明了环境污染造成的疾病流行,并提出了一系列对策。他们锲而不舍的努力,换来了环境的改善,使人们重新获得享有良好环境的权利。

——李宏图《英国工业革命时期的环境污染和治理》

【材料四】二战后各国环境恶化成为全球性危机,很多发达国家在60年代发生了轰轰烈烈的环境运动。随着航天技术的发展,资本主义初期认为地球资源取之不尽的盲目乐观思想逐渐消失。对环境问题的关注还促使人们关注其它一些全球性问题(贫富差距和贫困等),所以英国经济学家贝弗里奇发表了著名的“贝弗里奇报告”,主张政府要向贫穷、愚昧、肮脏、疾病、失业等社会、经济问题开战。全球化可以提高全球的平均收入水平,促使人们对环境质量更加关注,敦促政府通过干预解决环境问题,使得全球环境质量得到改善。

——张伟《全球化的环境维度》

(1)对比材料一、二,指出其在认识人与自然的关系方面存在的差异,结合所学知识简要分析这种差异对人类历史发展造成的不同影响。(6分)

(2)美国著名生态学家奥康纳认为:“瓦特的蒸汽机在经济领域是一种胜利,可对生态领域来说无疑是一种灾难。”依据所学知识,论证奥康纳的观点。(4分)

(3)根据材料三概括英国治理生态环境的措施。(4分)

(4)根据材料四并结合所学知识,分析二战以来有利于生态环境改善的因素。(4分)

答案

(1)差异:材料一:天人合一,统治策略要符合天道;材料二:人是万物的尺度,法律可以独立于自然之外。(2分)   

影响:经济角度:材料一的观点有利于维护人和自然的和谐,但不利于提高社会发展速度。材料二的观点有利于激发人们主观能动性,加快社会发展速度;但容易违背自然规律。

政治角度:材料一的观点有利于君主专制制度的发展,材料二的观点强调人的独立判断,有利于催生民主政治(4分,任何一个角度切入,只要表述合理都酌情可给分)

(2)关于蒸汽机在“经济领域是一种胜利”:蒸汽机极大地提高了生产力,人类进入“蒸汽时代”;随着汽船和蒸汽机车的发明,出现了交通运输业革命;推动世界经济市场的初步形成;蒸汽机的使用,使工厂规模扩大,加速了城市化进程。(2分,答出2点即可,其他表述,言之成理,可酌情给分)

关于蒸汽机对“生态领域来说无疑是一种灾难”:蒸汽机导致煤的大量开采和使用,蕴含了“能源问题”,加剧了环境污染,实际上已向人类昭示了“可持续发展”的重要性。(2分)

(3)措施:英国政府通过立法解决环境污染问题;(2分)社会各阶层的广泛参与和斗争促进了生态环境的治理和改善。(2分)

(4)因素:第三次科技革命的发展;环保意识增强;全球化推动了环境问题的全球治理;国家干预的加强;福利制度建立与发展;知识经济促进人与自然协调,高效地利用现有资源。(4分,每点1分,答出4点即可,其他表述,言之成理,可酌情给分)

题目分析:(1)本题主要考查学生对材料的分析能力。根据材料可知,材料一是儒家思想家荀子的思想主张,材料二是希腊智者学派代表普罗塔戈拉的思想。分析材料一、二,两位思想家在人与自然的关系上的不同反映在,材料一:天人合一,统治策略要符合天道;材料二:人是万物的尺度,法律可以独立于自然之外。这两则思想对人类历史发展造成的不同影响分别是材料一的观点有利于维护人和自然的和谐,但不利于提高社会发展速度。材料二的观点有利于激发人们主观能动性,加快社会发展速度;但容易违背自然规律。

(2)本题是开放性的题目。做这样的题目首先要审题,确定好主题,注意观点要明确;其次,要围绕主题,认真组织材料,要注意史论结合,逻辑要严密。主要观点:关于蒸汽机在“经济领域是一种胜利”和关于蒸汽机对“生态领域来说无疑是一种灾难”,组织答案时要注意结合各自的观点。

(3)本题主要考查学生对材料的归纳概括能力。从材料“英国基本上建立起了完整的水资源污染防治的法律体系”“工人阶级提出了改善自己生活条件的要求”“英国公共卫生体系的创立者查德威克,在1842年发表了调查报告《英国劳动人口卫生状况》,用大量事实说明了环境污染造成的疾病流行,并提出了一系列对策”中可以归纳出英国治理生态环境的措施。

(4)本题主要考查学生调动和运用所学知识的能力。从材料“航天技术的发展,资本主义初期认为地球资源取之不尽的盲目乐观思想逐渐消失”“对环境问题的关注还促使人们关注其它一些全球性问题”“全球化可以提高全球的平均收入水平,促使人们对环境质量更加关注”“敦促政府通过干预解决环境问题”并结合所学知识可得出答案。

单项选择题

An analysis of workplace trends shows that employee perks, a reliable indicator of job market strength, are beginning to make a comeback. While not as Extravagant as those offered in the late 1990s, companies clearly are shifting their focus from workforce reduction to workforce retention. Firms realize that they require a foundation of experienced, trained, and motivated workers. These employers are improving and/ or adding perks to prevent an exodus of workers that could occur as the economy continues improving. They also may be looking further down the road when severe labor shortages are expected to return.

An analysis of perks offered in today’s workplace shows that many of the 1990s-style benefits, such as game rooms and luxury car leases, have been abandoned. The perks that remain popular with employers and employees are those that help workers stay healthy, career focused, and financially stable. Perhaps the most appreciated are those that help individuals maintain work-life balance.

Work-life balance is just one part of the growing concern companies have about the overall emotional and physical health of their workers. Employees who are stressed out or depressed because they do not feel as if they are giving enough attention to the nonwork aspects of their lives ultimately are unproductive. More and more companies also are learning that workers desire the opportunity to grow professionally in the workplace. HewlettPackard, for instance, has boosted its employee education and development budget by 20%.

Nationwide Insurance, based in Columbus, Ohio, established a career-planning website in 2003. The site provides information on company job opportunities, career development, and an in-house mentoring program. Nationwide also is helping to educate its employees in financial matters, acknowledging that workers distracted by such issues on the job are not giving their full attention to the company’s priorities. It is adding classes and seminars on personal finance issues and 401(k) investments.

Sometimes perks simply are about keeping employee morale elevated. Knowing that an improving economy might prompt valued employees to seek new opportunities, the owner of Ticketcity. com has lavished his best performers with tickets to the Masters golf tournament (锦标赛), access to country clubs, and invitations to a management retreat in Sedona, Ariz.

Moreover, even companies that cannot afford to institute costly perks can find ways to make sure current employees are happy. Doug Dorman, vice president of human resources for the Greenville (S.C.) Hospital System explains that there is a definite sense of urgency when it comes to employee retention, knowing that labor shortages are returning. Dorman notes, however, that they have not focused on perks, "but rather on creating a culture of recognition and appreciation. Employees stay when they have good two-way communication with management and are truly appreciated and recognized for their contributions.

According to the text, the return of perks is mostly because ()

A. improve professional skills of employees

B. elevate the morale of the workforce

C. achieve the balance between work and life

D. keep qualified workers stay in the company

单项选择题 A1/A2型题