问题 填空题

[化学——选修3:物质结构与性质](15分)

已知元素A、B、C、D、E、F均属前四周期且原子序数依次增大, 其中A含有3个能级,且每个能级所含的电子数相同,C的基态原子2p轨道有2个未成对电子;C与D形成的化合物中C显正化合价;E的M层电子数是N层电子数的4倍,F除最外层原子轨道处于半充满状态,其余能层均充满电子,请回答下列问题:

(1)元素A、B、C的第一电离能由小到大的是_______(用元素符号表示)。

(2)F原子的外围电子排布式为_______,F的晶体中原子的堆积方式是下图中的_______(填写“甲”、“乙”或“丙”)。

(3)B与C形成的四原子阴离子的立体构型为      ,其中B原子的杂化类型是       

(4)任写一种与AB离子互为等电子体的离子       

(5)F(OH)2难溶于水,易溶于氨水,写出其溶于氨水的离子方程式                    

(6)D和E形成的化合物的晶胞结构如图,其化学式为          

已知晶体的密度为g·cm-3,阿伏加德罗常数为NA

则晶胞边长a=          cm。(用、NA的计算式表示)

(7)A、B、C三种元素和氢元素形成的氰酸有两种结构,一种分子  

内含有叁键,称为氰酸,另一种分子内不含叁键,称为异氰酸,   

且两种结构中所有原子最外层均已达到稳定结构,分子中也不含环状结构。请分别写

出氰酸和异氰酸的结构式:_______________、______________。

答案

(1)C O N(1分)

(2)3d104s1 (1分) 丙(1分)

(3)平面三角形(1分),sp2(1分)

(4)C22- 或O22+(2分) 

(5)Cu(OH)2+4NH3·H2O = Cu(NH3)42+ + 2OH- + 4H2O[或Cu(OH)2+4NH3 = Cu(NH3)42+ + 2OH-](2分)    

(6)CaF2(2分)     (2分)

(7)(1分)(1分)

题目分析:首先确定A为碳元素,C为氧元素,根据“A、B、C”序数依次增大,确定B为氮元素,又根据“C与D形成的化合物中C显正化合价”可确定D为非金属性最强的氟元素,根据“E的M层电子数是N层电子数的4倍”确定E为钙元素,最后根据“F除最外层原子轨道处于半充满状态,其余能层均充满电子”确定F为铜元素。

⑴根据C、N、O的非金属性大小为C<N<O,则第一电离能大小为C<O<N(反常)。

⑵根据Cu原子的基态电子排布式为[Ar]3d104s1,则其外围电子的排布式为3d104s1;金属铜的堆积方式为面心立方最密堆积(丙图)。

⑶N与O形成的四原子阴离子为NO3-,中心原子的键数=3,孤对电子对数=,则中心原子的价电子对数为3,属于sp2杂化,由于无孤对电子,故其空间构型为平面三角形。

⑷根据“增减找邻、同族互换”原则可得CN的等电子体离子有C22- 或O22+

⑸Cu(OH)2溶于氨水生成Cu(NH3)4(OH)2(强电解质),据此可写出该反应的离子方程式。

⑹F与Ca形成的化合物为CaF2,在CaF2的晶胞中含有Ca:8×1/8+6×1/2=4(个),含F:8×1=8(个)则该晶胞的密度为,化简得a=cm。

⑺根据由碳、氮、氧、氢元素构成的氰酸“分子内含有叁键,所有原子最外层均已达到稳定结构,分子中也不含环状结构”可确定其结构式为;同理可确定异氰酸(分子内不含叁键)的结构式为

完形填空

第二节(共5小题;每小题2分,满分10分)

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

Shoppers who carefully plan their visit to the grocery store can save money on their grocery bills.   71 

Shoppers should visit the grocery store on a full stomach by scheduling their trip immediately after a large meal. If that’s not possible, they should find something healthy to eat while preparing a grocery list.   72  

Although having a list and sticking to it is the most important factor in saving money, shoppers must prepare lists wisely in order to save.   73  Many special buys are announced through the local newspapers, so buying the “grocery issue” is worth the investment(投资). However, it’s important to remember that many newer, more expensive products first offered through coupons may not yield enough savings for shoppers to give up the product they usually buy.

74  Once at the store, the shopper who wants to save money should follow a few more rules. The shopper should not stay longer than necessary, because bills go up each minute the shopper is in the store. So, setting a time limit and a cost limit can hold down the bill.   75   If the grocery list is a short one, some shoppers choose to use the small hand-held basket instead of the roomy grocery cart.

A.A carefully planned list should include in – season produce and any items on sale or discounted through coupons (优惠券).

B.Of course, the shopper should stick strictly to the shopping list and resist the temptation to buy additional items.

C.People who are full are less tired and more likely to buy what they want.

D.Now that the shopper has completed the grocery list, it’s time to leave for the store. E.You should keep your shopping list carefully in case you can exchange it for coupons.

F.Most shoppers are less persuaded to buy extra goods when they are not hungry.

G.Shopping when not hungry, sticking to a grocery list, and following a few simple rules will cut down the grocery bill.

单项选择题