问题 问答题 简答题

从受力和制造两方面比较半球形、椭圆形、碟形、锥壳和平盖封头的特点,并说明其主要应用场合。

答案

参考答案:

(1)半球形封头在均匀内压作用下,薄壁球形容器的薄膜应力为相同直径圆筒体的一半。但缺点是深度大,直径小时,整体冲压困难,大直径采用分瓣冲压其拼焊工作量也较大。半球形封头常用在高压容器上。

(2)椭圆形封头椭球部分经线曲率变化平滑连续,故应力分布比较均匀,且椭圆形封头深度较半球形封头小得多,易于冲压成型,是目前中、低压容器中应用较多的封头之一。

(3)碟形封头是一不连续曲面,在经线曲率半径突变的两个曲面连接处,由于曲率的较大变化而存在着较大边缘弯曲应力。该边缘弯曲应力与薄膜应力叠加,使该部位的应力远远高于其它部位,故受力状况不佳。但过渡环壳的存在降低了封头的深度,方便了成型加工,且压制碟形封头的钢模加工简单,使碟形封头的应用范围较为广泛。

(4)锥壳结构不连续,锥壳的应力分布并不理想,但其特殊的结构形式有利于固体颗粒和悬浮或粘稠液体的排放,可作为不同直径圆筒体的中间过渡段,因而在中、低压容器中使用较为普遍。

(5)平盖平盖厚度计算是以圆平板应力分析为基础的,主要用于直径较小、压力较高的容器。

阅读理解

Every once in a while, it is necessary to take a step back in order to take a long, hard look at where we are in our lives. At this point, it is good to ask yourself a bunch of critical questions. Are you at the point in your career where you want to be ? Have you so far accomplished all of your goals in life ? If so, then maybe it is time to make goals that stretch yourself a bit more. If you have not accomplished your goals in life, then perhaps you have made the mistake of setting too many goals or trying to accomplish them at an unnaturally fast pace.

It is necessary to set reasonable, intelligent goals in order to succeed in life. Do not be unrealistic because life is not a fairy tale. But you should try to recognize what you want, and to be as specific as possible when attempting to visualize(形象化) or otherwise express what your goals in life are.

In order for a goal to sufficiently motivate you, it needs to be a major one. The bigger your goals are, then the more motivated you will need to be to work towards accomplishing them. If you want, for example, to be the greatest concert pianist, in the world, then you are going to find yourself a lot more motivated than you would be if your goal were merely to, say, play a couple of Beethoven pieces extremely well. If you are a beginner, then no doubt mastering those tough songs is a very intelligent and realistic goal to set. But if that is your only goal as a pianist, then you will stop growing as a pianist once that goal has been achieved. This is why it is necessary to constantly stop and re-evaluate our goals so that we are aware of what they are, and thus stay motivated.

小题1:From the passage, if your goals have all been achieved, you should then ______.

A.ask yourself some serious questions

B.take a hard look at your success

C.set some other intelligent goals

D.stretch yourself to relax小题2:By saying “life is not a fairy tale”, the author suggests that you should ________ .

A.set as big a goal as possible

B.try hard to realize your dream

C.make your goals practical

D.abandon all your ambitions小题3: To perform several Beethoven pieces well is a goal that _______.

A.is not suitable for the pianist

B.is appropriate for a beginner

C.stops you from growing as a pianist

D.is very easy to achieve小题4:What is the best title for the passage ?

A.Set Intelligent Goals for Yourself

B.Try to Accomplish Your Goals

C.Get Yourself More Motivated

D.Goals Help You to Succeed

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