问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文言文选段,完成小题

[甲] 宫中府中,俱为一体;陟罚臧否,不宜异同;若有作 * * 犯科及为忠善者,宜付有司论其刑赏,以昭陛下平明之理;不宜偏私,使内外异法也。 

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等,此皆良实,志虑忠纯,是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事,事无大小,悉以咨之,然后施行,必能裨补阙漏,有所广益。 

* * 向宠,性行淑均,晓畅军事,试用于昔日,先帝称之曰能,是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事,悉以咨之,必能使行阵和睦,优劣得所。    亲贤臣,远小人,此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人,远贤臣,此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时,每与臣论此事,未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军,此悉贞良死节之臣,愿陛下亲之信之,则汉室之隆,可计日而待也。

(节选自诸葛亮《出师表》)

[乙]诸葛亮之为相国也,抚百姓,示仪轨①,约②官职,从权制③,开诚心,布公道;尽忠益时者虽仇必赏,犯法怠慢者虽亲必罚,服罪输情④者虽重必释,游辞巧饰者虽轻必戮;善无微而不赏,恶无纤而不贬;庶事精炼,物⑤理其本,循名责实,虚伪不齿;终于邦域之内,咸畏而爱之刑政虽峻而无怨者以其用心平而劝戒明也。可谓识治之良才,管、萧之亚匹⑥矣。

[注释]①仪轨:礼仪制度。②约:省减,简约。③权制:合乎适宜的制度。④服罪输情:认罪并表示悔改。⑤物:指人,百姓。⑥亚匹:同一流人物。亚:同类。

小题1:下面选项中划线的词语意思相同的一项是(    )(2分)

A.先帝称曰能诸葛亮为相国

B.未尝不叹息痛恨桓、灵也终邦域之内

C.悉咨之徒有先生也

D.若有作 * * 犯科及为忠善尽忠益时者虽仇必赏小题2:解释下列划线词语。(4分)

⑴以陛下平明之理(                   )

⑵未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也(                   )

百姓(                )

⑷犯法怠慢者虽必罚(                )

小题3:用∕给下面句子断句,断两处。(2分)

咸 畏 而 爱 之 刑 政 虽 峻 而 无 怨 者 以 其 用 心 平 而 劝 戒 明 也

小题4:将下列语句翻译成现代汉语。(4分)

⑴悉以咨之,必能使行阵和睦,优劣得所。

⑵善无微而不赏,恶无纤而不贬。

小题5:[乙]文中称赞诸葛亮是“识治之良才”,请结合[甲]文加以说明。(2分)

答案

小题1:D

小题2:⑴彰显(显示)⑵痛心遗憾⑶安抚,抚慰⑷亲人(亲近的人)

小题3:咸畏而爱之 ∕刑政虽峻而无怨者∕ 以其用心平而劝戒明也(2分)

小题4:⑴全部来询问他们,就一定能使军队上下团结、和睦,才能高和才能差一点的人都能得到妥善的安排。(2分)

⑵善的(好的)没有(因为)微小而不奖赏;恶的(坏的)没有(因为)轻微而不惩罚。(2分)

小题5:示例甲文中诸葛亮要求后主做到了严明赏罚、亲贤远佞,并举荐一批忠臣良将,这充分展示了诸葛亮治国的雄才大略。

小题1:题目分析: A前代词,后用于主谓之间。B前译为“对”,后译为“在”。C前表目的,后表原因。,D均译为“的人”。

点评:平时学习中,对于文言虚词、多义词要多加比较,知道它有几个意思,并分别举出例句,积累下来。遇到多义的文言虚词、实词后一定要加以联想,想一想在其它句子中该词是什么意思,这样熟能生巧。考试时再遇到就可以轻而易举地区别开了。

小题2:题目分析:“昭、抚、亲”可根据语境推断出来,用词语代替。“痛恨”则是重点的古今异义词,应译为“痛心遗憾”。

点评:文言词语,包括实词和虚词两类。文言词语的考查以实词据多。考查的词语,一般为通假字、多义词、古今异义词、词性活用词等。当然仍以课文下面的注解为主。学习中要注意理解,避免死记硬背,并做到重点突破,对于易错、易混词要加以积累。

小题3:题目分析:整体理解这几句话的意思,都敬畏但很爱戴,刑罚和政令虽然严峻却并没有人抱怨。这是因为为政者为人公平、且有明了的劝说和告诫。明白了句子的大意民,断句就轻而易举了。

点评:文言语句的翻译首先要知道文言词语的意思,当然课外的文言语句翻译时,放到语境中,根据上下文推断也不失是一种较好的方法。给语段标出停顿,其实是把几个句子断开。所以要注意句子意思不能改变,语意要完整。

小题4:题目分析:翻译时要注意,关键词语的意思必须要落实。两个句子中的的关键词有“行阵”“善无微而不赏”“ 恶无纤而不贬”,“行阵”可知代指军队,“无微而不赏”“无纤而不贬”根据语境分别译为“没有(因为)微小而不奖赏的”“没有(因为)轻微而不惩罚的”。了解了关键字词的意思,把各个词语的意思连缀起来,语意通顺即可。

点评:翻译文言语句是文言文阅读的必考题。文言语句的翻译一般有两种方法,直译和意译,中考时常采用直译。直译讲究字字落实,特别是关键词语的意思必须要呈现出来。文言语句的翻译首先要知道文言词语的意思,当然课外的文言语句翻译时,放到语境中,根据上下文推断也不失是一种较好的方法。

小题5:题目分析:体现“识治之良才”的地方即可,理解“识治之良才”即识人、治理方面的人才,以此衡量甲文可知,诸葛亮提出了严明赏罚、亲贤远小的建议,并举荐一批忠臣良将,这都是“识治之良才”的表现。

点评:首先要在审题的基础上,找到相应文章中的相关语句,根据句子的大意理解之后,把切题的答案概括出来。

阅读理解

As a group of young African immigrants struggle to adapt to life in the United States, an after-school drama program at White Oak Middle School aims to make their lives easier by first making them a little harder.

Project X is a program that uses drama, dance, poetry and other creative outlets to help students discuss the tough and sometimes painful problems they face as pre-teen immigrants with language barriers. A final unveiling of their creation will be performed for friends and family at the end of the year at Imagination Stage.

Wanjiru Kamau, coordinator of White Oak’s African Club said it’s important to give troubles to group members to help them find their place at the school. “It comforts those who are uncomfortable, and it discomforts those who are comfortable,” Kamau said of Project X.

Kamau teamed up with Imagination Stage after she noticed that many African students seemed uncomfortable talking about problems, such as being laughed at by their fellow students about how they look and talk. When most of the kids join the club, they speak little or no English, Kamau said. Each week, the club typically draws five to ten students who are originally from Africa for discussion sessions and the Project X programme.

“We are going to express ourselves through our words and our actions, and that’s powerful,” said teaching artist Meg Green as she introduced fill-in-the-blank poems the students wrote about their identities.

One student, Frank Ketchouang, 13, wrote, “I am from the world; I am love,” which drew oohs and aahs from the group. Ketchouang has been in the United States for less than a year, said Program Coordinator Chad Dike. When Ketchouang started attending Project X, he had been in the United States for two months and spoke no English. Now he’s one of the group’s most outgoing members and helps translate instructions from English to Creole for the group’s newest member, who is from Haiti.

Many people will give up when there’s a language barrier, “but these students prove them wrong”. Kamau said. “You do have something to give. You are important. When TV, media, etc. are bringing them down, this program is bringing them up.”

小题1:Project X is intended for helping the young African immigrants to_________.

A.get over language barriers

B.enrich after-school life

C.overcome tough problems

D.become more creative小题2:How well the members learn in the Project X program is shown by_________.

A.their annual creative performances

B.their annual scores gained at school

C.the comments of friends and family

D.the comments of the program teachers小题3:What do we know about the Imagination Stage?

A.It’s established by Kamau for Project X.

B.It’s a cooperative partner of White Oak’S African Club.

C.It’s a project designed by White Oak Middle School.

D.It’s operated once at the end of each year.小题4:According to the author, what Franck Ketchouang wrote was______.

A.silly

B.simple

C.excellent

D.contradictory小题5:The passage is written mainly to_______.

A.introduce the Project X program

B.inspire immigrants to never give up

C.advocate White Oak’S African Club

D.call for more attention to immigrants

单项选择题