问题 阅读理解与欣赏

游三游洞记        刘大櫆

出夷陵州治,西北陆行二十里,濒大江之左,所谓下牢之关也。路狭不可行,舍舆登舟。舟行里许,闻水声汤汤,出于两崖之间。复舍舟登陆,循仄径曲折以上。穷山之颠,则又自上缒危滑以下。其下地渐平,有大石覆压当道,乃伛俯径石腹以出。出则豁然平旷,而石洞穹起,高六十馀尺,广可十二丈。二石柱屹立其口,分为三门,如三楹之室焉。

  中室如堂,右室如厨,左室如别馆。其中一石,乳而下垂,扣之,其声如钟。而左室外小石突立正方,扣之如磬。其地石杂以土,撞之则逄逄然鼓音。背有石如床,可坐,予与二三子浩歌其间,其声轰然,如钟磬助之响者。下视深溪,水声泠然出地底。溪之外翠壁千寻,其下有径,薪采者负薪行歌,缕缕不绝焉。

  昔白乐天自江州司马徙为忠州剌史,而元微之适自通州将北还,乐天携其弟知退,与微之会于夷陵,饮酒欢甚,留连不忍别去,因共游此洞,洞以此三人得名。其后欧阳永叔暨黄鲁直二公皆以摈斥流离,相继而履其地,或为诗文以纪之。予自顾而嘻,谁摈斥予乎?谁使予之流离而至于此乎?偕予而来者,学使陈公之子曰伯思、仲思。予非陈公,虽欲至此无由,而陈公以守其官未能至,然则其至也,其又有幸有不幸邪?

  夫乐天、微之辈,世俗之所谓伟人,能赫然取名位于一时,故凡其足迹所经,皆有以传于后世,而地得因人以显。若予者,虽其穷幽陟险,与虫鸟之适去适来何异?虽然,山川之胜,使其生于通都大邑,则好游者踵相接也;顾乃置之于荒遐僻陋之区,美好不外见,而人亦无以亲炙其光。呜呼!此岂一人之不幸也哉!”

小题1:下列句子中对加点词语的解释不正确的一项是(  )

A.舟行里许,闻水声汤汤许:左右

B.而元微之适自通州将北还适:到,往

C.而地得因人以显因:依靠

D.山川之胜胜:优美的景色小题2:下列句子分别能表现“道路难行”和“洞内景观奇特”的一组是(  )

A.乃伛俯径石腹以出其地石杂以土

B.出则豁然平旷溪之外翠壁千寻,其下有径

C.有大石覆压当道左室外小石突立正方,扣之如磬。

D.二石柱屹立其口其中一石,乳而下垂小题3:下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括,不正确的一项是(    )

A.作者一行从夷陵州府出发,先走陆路,再走水路,然后登山,经过一番波折才一睹处于荒远偏僻之地的三游洞真面目。

B.在描写三游洞景观时,作者描写了洞内各种声音带来的听觉感受,有扣击时 “如钟”“如磬”“逄逄然”的悦耳之声,有“与二三子浩歌其间”轰然之声,又有从地底发出的“泠然”水声,宛如空谷足音,将三游洞衬托得深邃幽静。

C.作者由白居易等三位唐人共游此洞,想到其后到此游历的欧阳永叔和黄鲁直,继而联想到自身的“幸”与“不幸”,进一步推想陈公的“幸”与“不幸”,从抒发游历感想进入对人生哲理的思辨。

D.作者虽然写自己像虫鸟一样安适,但又通过抒写对僻陋处的山川胜景无人欣赏的感慨,委婉地表达出自己怀才未显之憾。小题4:将文言文阅读材料中划横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(10分)

(1)复舍舟登陆,循仄径曲折以上。穷山之颠,则又自上缒危滑以下。(4分)

                                                                  

(2)顾乃置之于荒遐僻陋之区,美好不外见,而人亦无以亲炙其光。(6分)

                                                                  

答案

小题1:B小题1:C小题1:D

小题1:

(1)于是又下船走陆路,顺着窄窄的小路曲折上山,直至山顶,就又从上面用绳子从高处滑下。

(2)然而竟然把它放在荒远偏僻的地方,美好的风景就不能显现出来,人们也就不能亲自前来领略它的美好风光。

译文:

从夷陵州的州府出发,向西北方向从陆地走二十里,靠近江的北岸,(这就是)所说的下牢关。路很狭窄,不能行走,于是下了车,登上船.坐船走了一里左右,听见两崖之间有很大水声,于是再次下船登陆,顺着狭窄的小路曲折地向上攀登,一直登上山的顶峰。然后又用绳子拴着从高处滑了下来,(只见)下面的土地渐渐平坦,有一块大石头覆盖压着挡住了道路。于是弯着腰低着头,经过巨石下面出来。一出去便见非常开阔平坦的一个大石洞,石洞隆起,高六十多尺、宽约十二丈。二根石柱屹立在洞口,把洞口分为三个门,就像三开门的房子。

中间的室像正屋,右边的室像厨房,左边的室像别馆。洞中间有一石头像 * * 下垂着,敲击它,它发出的声音像钟声一样清脆。左室外面有一块小石头突出直立,(形状)方方正正,敲击它声音像磬声。这地方还有些石头杂着土,撞击它就发出“逄逄”的鼓声。背后面还有一块石头像床,可以坐。我与二三个一同前来的朋友在洞内大声放歌,声音轰响,就像是钟磬等乐器帮助它使它更响亮了。向下看是一条深溪,水声潺潺,就像是从地底传出来的。深溪两岸,是高达千寻(寻,量词,八尺为一寻)的翠绿的山壁,山壁下面还有小路,樵夫们唱着歌,歌声缕缕而不断绝。

以前唐时白乐天(居易)从江州司马迁官为忠州剌史,而他的好友元微之(稹)恰好从通州将要回北方,乐天携同弟弟知退,和元稹在夷陵相会,喝酒十分高兴,留恋不舍,不忍离别,于是一起来这洞来游玩,“三游洞”因为他们三人而得名。后来,宋朝时欧阳永叔(修)及黄鲁直(庭坚)两个人都因为被排斥贬谪到这里,相继来此洞游玩,有的还写了诗文来纪载这件事。(此时)我想到自己,不禁笑了,谁排斥过我呢?谁使我贬到这里的呢?陪同我一起来游玩的,是本地学使陈公的儿子叫伯思、仲思。我不是陈公,即使想来这里,也没有上面说的那些原因。而陈公因为公务这次没能一起来, 既然如此那么(如果)他来了,那又是幸运还是不幸运呢?

像乐天、微之这类人,就是世俗所说的伟人,能够在那一时代名声显赫,所以凡是他们足迹到过的地方,都有用来传到后世的,而这个地方也能够凭借人而很显耀。像我这样的人,即使走遍幽奇的山水、险峻的地方,和虫儿鸟儿到这个地方去去来来又有什么不同呢?虽然这样,但山川的美丽景致,如果使它们处在大的城市或交通方便的地方,那么那些喜好游玩的人就会争先恐后地来游玩。不过放置在荒凉偏僻的地方, 美好(的风景)并没有显现在外面,人们也无法来亲自领略它的美好。唉,这哪里是一个人的不幸呢?

单项选择题

The questions in this group are based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Congressman Hastings has proposed that Congress should abolish the Electoral College system for electing the president and replace it with a system of direct popular election. The Electoral College system is flawed, he argues, because it runs directly counter to the democratic principle that every citizen’s vote should count equally.

Because of the winner-take-all system in which the candidate who receives the most popular votes in a state receives all of that state’s electoral votes, the citizens who voted for the losing candidate are effectively disenfranchised from the national election, even if their candidate lost the state by only a handful of votes. Moreover, because each state’s number of electors is the same as its number of members of Congress, the citizens of small states get a disproportionately larger vote than citizens of more populous states. In the 1988 election, for example, the combined voting-age population of the six least populous states--Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming--was 3,119,000. These six states held 21 electoral votes among them. Florida, with a voting-age population of 9,614,000, also had 21 electoral votes. Because of inequities of this nature, there have been four presidential elections in which the candidate who won the Electoral College actually lost the popular vote: 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000.

Congressman Markham has argued that Hastings’s proposed changes are unnecessary and even dangerous. First of all, he argues, the Electoral College system, whatever its flaws, has resulted in a stable democratic government for more than 200 years, which shows that it is doing something right. Second, the winner-take-all system helps create decisive majorities in the Electoral College, thereby reducing the problem of disputed elections that we might see in the event of direct popular elections. Third, the current system of allocating electors helps protect the interests of small states, which would be largely neglected in favor of large states if the Electoral College were based entirely on population. Protecting these states’ rights is essential to upholding the principle of federalism (in which the states and the federal government maintain distinct powers).

When the Electoral College system was first formalized by the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, a direct popular vote would have been impossible to implement, and the Electoral College was probably the best way to approximate the will of the people. Advances in technology and communication, however, now mean that a direct popular vote would be as simple, if not simpler, to administer than the current Electoral College system. Alternative ways to reform the system would be to do away with the winner-take-all system of state electors, to base the numbers of electors strictly on state populations, or to have a direct popular election but to weight the votes from different states differently in order to preserve the influence of small states.

Hastings’s response to Markham’s argument that the history of the American government "shows that it [the Electoral College] is doing something right" would most likely be which of the following ?()

A. Under the current system, each voter in Alaska has proportionately three times as much voting power as each candidate in Florida.

B. We do not know whether or not the American government would have been equally stable had the president been elected by a direct popular election since the beginning.

C. If the candidate who lost the popular election won the presidency four times in 200 years, there is something wrong with the system.

D. Maintaining a p federal system is less important than upholding the principle that each vote should count equally.

E. A process that maintained the Electoral College but removed the winner-take-all system would substantially reduce the disenfranchisement that occurs under the current system.

填空题