问题 问答题 简答题

“强决定论”与“弱决定论”

答案

参考答案:

决定论就其基本的倾向看,可分为两种不同的形式:强决定论与弱决定论。所谓强决定论,就是主张自由与决定论的不相容性。按照这种观点,决定论排除一切形式的自由。所谓弱决定论,则是承认自由与决定论的相容性。它是一些哲学家在不愿放弃实际的自由,但又无法理解完全缺乏决定如何可能做到责任的需要与愿望的统一的情况下,尝试把实际的自由和责任与决定论统一起来的一种解释。如果说,强决定论在理论形态上与宿命论表现出一定程度的相似性,但两者却有着本质的区别的话,弱决定论则在另外一个方向上表现得十分接近非决定论,但也同样不能归结为非决定论。

 

 

单项选择题
单项选择题

In meditation (冥想), people sit quietly and focus their attention on their breath. As they breathe in and out, they attend to their feelings. As thoughts go through their minds, they let them go. Breathe. Let go. Breathe. Let go.
According to a recent study at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts, three months of training in this kind of meditation causes a marked change in how the brain allocates (分配) attention. It appears that the ability to let go thoughts that come into mind frees the brain to attend to more rapidly changing things and events in the outside world. Expert mediators are better than other people at catching such fast-changing stimuli(刺激), like facial-expressions.
The study provides evidence for changes in the workings of the brain with mental training. People can learn and improve abilities of all sorts with practice, everything from driving to playing the piano. The study has shown that meditation is good for the brain. It appears to reduce pressure and promote a sense of well-being.
In an experiment, 17 volunteers with no meditation experience in the experimental group spent three months meditating 10 to 12 hours a day. A control group also with no meditation experience meditated for 20 minutes a day over the same period. Both groups were then given the tests with two numbers in a group of letters. As both groups looked for the numbers, their brain activity was recorded.
Everyone could catch the first number. But the brain recordings showed that the less experienced mediators tended to grasp the first number and hang onto it, so they missed the second number. Those with more experience gave less attention to the first number, as if letting it go, which led to an increased ability to grasp the second number. This shows that attention can change with practice.
Just ask Daniel Levision, who meditated for three months as part of the study. "I am a much better listener," he said, "I do not get lost in my own personal reaction to what people are saying. \

Meditators manage their daily tasks better because they ______.

A.are given less pressure

B.allocate their attention better

C.have more stimuli for life

D.practice them more frequently