问题 单项选择题 B型题

上述疾病中,急需手术探查的是()

A.开放性气胸

B.闭合性气胸

C.进行性血气胸

D.张力性气胸

答案

参考答案:C

解析:

本题考点:气胸和血胸。①闭合性气胸系胸膜腔内积气,积气量决定肺萎陷的程度和影响呼吸功能的程度,胸内压仍低于大气压。积气量少无症状者无需特殊处理,大量积气有呼吸困难时应行胸膜腔穿刺,抽尽积气,或行闭式胸腔引流。②开放性气胸系外界空气经胸壁伤口或软组织缺损处,随呼吸自由进出胸膜腔,伤侧胸内压几乎等于大气压,伤侧肺完全萎陷,丧失呼吸功能。健侧胸内压显着低于伤侧,故纵隔向健侧移位,使健侧肺扩张进一步受限,出现明显的呼吸困难。呼、吸气时,两侧胸膜腔压力不均衡出现周期变化,使纵隔在吸气时移向健侧,呼气时移向伤侧,称为纵隔扑动。纵隔扑动和移位影响静脉回心血流,引起循环障碍。开放性气胸急救处理的要点是用无菌敷料在呼气末封盖伤口并加压包扎,使成为闭合性气胸再进一步处理。③张力性气胸为气管、支气管或肺损伤处形成活瓣,气体随每次吸气进入胸腔并积累增多,致胸膜腔内压力高于大气压并不断增高,伤侧肺严重萎陷,纵隔移向健侧,使健侧肺受压,腔静脉回流障碍,出现严重的呼吸循环功能障碍。张力性气胸是可迅速致死的危急重症。急救处理为迅速用粗针头穿刺胸膜腔减压,并外接单向活瓣装置,使胸膜腔内高压气体易于排出,而外界空气不能进入胸膜腔。以后根据情况再进一步处理。④血胸为胸膜腔内积血,如同时积气为血气胸。出血停止称非进行性血胸,根据积血量多少采用胸腔穿刺或闭式引流术治疗。持续大量出血称进行性血胸,应及时行开胸探查术,清除血块及完善止血。因此,急需手术探查的是进行性血气胸,可引起纵隔扑动的是开放性气胸。

阅读理解

The middle school Foreign Language Program begins with a program at 5th level. All students take twelve weeks each of French, German and Spanish. Students continue with the language of their choice at 6th, 7th and 8th levels to complete the two semesters of high school work. 

Foreign Language classes are 23 minutes long and meet four times per week. The classes actively involve the students in listening exercises, vocabulary building, reading, writing, grammar and the development of oral proficiency  in specific topic of conversation.

The program is also designed to give students cultural insight into the beliefs and behaviors of the people and cultures represented by each language. Art, history, music, dance, food and the customs of each society are examined through filmstrips , games, cultural event projects and activities. The high school student exchange programs are involved with the middle school to allow personal contact with students from other countries where the languages are spoken.

Each year the advancements in technology help to bring the students even closer to the people of the world they are studying. Computer programs are used to practise and increase vocabulary and various language skills. The resource programs provide facts and figures instantly to supplement their knowledge of history and geography. The Internet offers opportunities to tap information on a number of topics in English and in other foreign languages. The faculty makes every effort to be aware of new technology and to make it accessible to the students whenever possible.

The middle school program hopes to help each student to do the study of foreign language throughout their life with education, travel and a continued awareness of the world and its peoples.

1. The first paragraph tells us that ________.

A. there are about 5 levels in language program

B. students have to learn French, German and Spanish for 12 months in all at first

C. high school students will be at the 6 levels in the language at least

D. you can choose three languages at three levels

2. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Students have more than 90 minutes of foreign language learning each week.

B. Students are trained in four-skill language learning.

C. Students will learn about foreign culture and customs.

D. Learning foreign languages throughout one’s life is the aim of the program.

3. The purpose of the passage is to introduce _________.

A. a foreign language program

B. the foreign language classes

C. what students will learn through the program

D. how the technology has an effect on the language learning

4. Which of the following does not belong to the program?

A. Kinds of foreign languages.            B. Classes activities.

C. Students exchange program.           D. Technology development.

多项选择题