问题 材料题

人均国内生产总值(人均GDP)是衡量一国(或地区)经济增长水平的基本指标。阅读下列材料,回答问题

材料一 中国与西欧人均GDP水平基本变化趋势比较(公元400—1998年) )

材料二 19世纪下半叶,中国近代工业化开始缓慢起步。……1912年至1920年中国工业年平均增长率为

13.4%,1923年至1936年为8.7% ——摘编自刘佛丁《中国近代经济发展史》

 材料三 1921—1937年主要资本主义国家工业生产年均增长速度(%)

 材料四 中国在1887年时为纯粹的农业生产国,工业生产只占很小的比例,……到了1920年,工业产值增加到54.27亿元,所占比例也由原来的9.1%提升为23.8%……需要指出的是……近代机器工业产值占工业产值尚不到20%,并且农业仍占主导地位,中国仍然为一个农业国。 ——摘自杨德才《中国经济史新论》 

(1)据材料一,比较并指出A、B、C三个时段中国与西欧人均GDP水平的走势。

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(2)分析影响B段中国与西欧人均GDP走势变化的主要原因(不考虑人口因素)。

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(3)据材料二、三,指出民国成立至抗战爆发前中国工业发展的特点。据统计该时期中国人口总数相对稳定,但工业的发展未能改变中国人均GDP下滑的走势,结合材料四及所学知识解释这一历史现象的原因。

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(4)据材料一并结合所学知识,总结20世纪80年代以来中国与西欧人均GDP强劲上扬的共同经验。

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答案

(1)A段:中西大致保持一致,走势相对平稳,中国略高于西欧。 B段:中国稳定不前,西欧超过中国并持续上升。 C段:中国总体下降,西欧加速上升。

(2)中国:自然经济为主;君主专制统治强化;重农抑商、闭关锁国政策;思想文化专制。西欧:商品经济发展,工业革命与科技进步;资本主义制度逐步确立;海外贸易、殖民扩张与掠夺;民主思想发展。

(3)特点:中国工业得到较大发展;增长速度超过主要资本主义国家。原因:近代中国工业产值基数低,在工农业总产值中所占比重小;落后的社会制度;动荡的社会环境;资本主义列强的掠夺和压制。

(4)走适合本国国情的发展道路;加强区域合作,顺应全球化潮流;重视科技创新、理论创新;重视教育,提高国民素质等。

问答题

Passage 4 That brings me to my final point, which is how do we help give the Climate Group the focus that it needs. I think one part of this is that you provide us with a lot of information, the detail, the examples, the living proof, of what good environmental policy can achieve. That is one important part. // The second thing is, that we use, as our country, our position in every way we can to push this agenda at a senior level. I’ve already said that for Britain’s chairmanship of the G8 next year, there should be two issues for us: one is Africa, the other is climate change. Now I think it is important that we take a clear case on climate change to the G8 next year. I’m not saying it will always be easy, but it’s important that the case is made, and I think that will give a focus to the efforts that are being made by this group and by others, not just in this country, but elsewhere in the world. // So I wanted to come and participate in the launch of The Climate Group for a very simple reason. When I first became Prime Minister, I obviously had a certain instinctive position about this issue and we as a political party coming into government had certain policies about it. But one of the first things I did, which is one of the advantages when you come into government, is that instead of having a small research group somewhere with people doing this as well as half a dozen other things, you can mobilise some of the best scientific minds and research that there is and I said, look, give me the facts. The interesting thing that came back to me was that the facts and the research indicated that this problem was, if anything, greater than I had realised // I don’t think, as I said before, there is any bigger long-term question facing the global community. This group will be one part of a set of relationships and groups and a movement worldwide to make sure that we treat the issue with the seriousness that it deserves. One thing for sure is this, if you talk to any group of young people in our country or anywhere else today, they realise its importance. They want us to act upon it, they know sometimes it will involve difficult decisions, but the cost of not acting in this case is so overwhelmingly greater than any short-term cost of action, that we have to act and we have to act now. // So I’m delighted to be with you all this morning and I wish you the very best of luck with The Climate Group, I think it’s a very, very important initiative. I am delighted to see so many people from different parts of the world that are here today. This is an issue that will carry on dominating our agenda but hopefully with your help, it will dominate the agenda of the global community in the years to come. // (Excerpts from UK Prime Minister’s speech on climate change delivered on April 27, 2004)

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