问题 阅读理解

Being able to call on the old boy's network helps you get your foot in the door,but has little impact on your later success.Having good connections does change your possibility of being offered a higher wage when you start working,but has no impact on your eventual wage.Coming from a wealthy background has little impact on lifetime earnings.Over time,brain power soon overtakes(超过),and intelligence is the factor,which will determine your earnings and success.The speed of your rise through the ranks is determined largely by your own intelligence.

The study monitored earnings and promotions over the course of 25 years.Scores were used to assess the Socio­Economic Background(SEB)-wealth and connections-and standard Army intelligence tests used to assess intelligence.The study is sure to infuriate(激怒)those angered by wealthy groups such as Oxford's upper-crust(上流社会)Bullingdon Club,of which both David Cameron and Borris Johnson were members.

Professor Yoav Ganzach says that these findings have a positive message for those,who can't rely on nepotism(裙带关系)for their first job.“Your family can help you start your career and you do get an advantage,but it doesn't help you progress.And once you start working,you can go wherever your abilities take you,” he says.When intelligence and SEB are pitted directly against once another(相互较量),intelligence is a more accurate predictor of future career success,he say.

小题1:How many factors which may influence one's career are mentioned in the passage?

A.1.

B.2.

C.3.

D.4.小题2:Who will be encouraged most after reading the passage?

A.People who are lack of money.

B.People who can't depend on nepotism.

C.People with high intelligence.

D.People with wide connections.小题3:What's the main idea of the passage?

A.Earnings and promotions are up to your own.

B.A study conducted by Professor Yoav Ganzach.

C.SEB is very important in one's first career.

D.Success is determined by your own brain power.

答案

小题1:C

小题2:B

小题3:D

文章主要阐述了智力对个人事业的发展起决定作用。

小题1:C 细节理解题。根据第一段可知对一个人的职业有影响的因素有:good connections、a wealthy background、intelligence三个方面。

小题2:B 细节理解题。根据第三段的首句“...these findings have a positive message for those,who can't rely on nepotism(裙带关系)for their first job.”可知答案。

小题3:D 主旨归纳题。第一段提出了主题——强调智商的重要性;第二段用例子说明了对该主题部分反对的声音;第三段与主题段相互呼应。可以看出,文章三段都是围绕“智商决定人的事业”展开的。

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成1~3题。

经学文本的演变

  儒家通识教育,主要是通过经典学习和主体自觉实践而实现的,由此也产生了源远流长的“经学”。作为训解、阐述儒家经典的学问,经学起源于子夏和荀子,并随着时代发展教育变革而演化。两汉儒学处于独尊地位, “五经”、“七经”立于大学,“明经”、“孝廉”也设为察举科目,在人才培养和选拔中发挥了特殊作用。隋唐而下,经学与科举结合,对儒家通识教育的内容产生了重大影响。

  唐初,太宗“以经籍去圣久远,文字多讹谬,诏前中书侍郎颜师古考订《五经》,颁于天下,命学者习焉。又以儒学多门,章句繁杂,诏国子祭酒孔颖达与诸儒撰定《五经》义疏,凡一百七十卷,名曰《五经正义》,今天下传习”。由此完成了经注的统一。高宗永徽四年《五经正义》颁行后,遂成为科举取士的标准经说。其后,又有贾公彦作《周礼注疏》与《仪礼疏》,杨士勋作《谷梁传疏》,徐彦作《公羊传疏》,合称《九经正义》。唐代明经科,以《九经》取士,有五经、三经、二经、学究一经、三礼、三传之别;至唐文宗太和年间,刻《十二经》,立石于国学,增加的《论语》、《孝经》和《尔雅》,均成为了教科书。

  唐代学者整理的经学文本,是对汉代以来经学的一次大总结。清代经学家皮锡瑞如此评析:“自《正义》定本颁之国胄,用以取士,天下奉为圭臬。唐至宋初数百年,士子皆谨守官书,莫敢异议矣。”也有学者认为,“正义”对经、注起了详解作用,有益于普及文化教育,但士人多以读经为敲门砖,并不以学术论争为意,从而造成了经典注疏的停滞。

  北宋庆历以后,疑古之风始兴,不信前人注疏,务出新义。熙宁间,王安石改制,废置《仪礼》学官,而以《周礼》取士,并未将《春秋》列于学官。当时规定:“进士罢诗赋、帖经、墨义,各占治《诗》、《书》、《易》、《周礼》、《札记》一经,兼以《论语》、《孟子》。”其原因主要在于三方面:《春秋》大义难知,不利“经术造士”;《春秋》经传言灾异,不利变法;依《春秋》大义治狱,与王安石以法治罪相冲突。王安石自撰《三经新义》,颁行学校,作为士子唯一“经术”和科举考试标准。实际上,这是新党集体思想的结晶。过分热衷于将一家注经之学定于一尊的做法是导致王安石失败的原因之一。

  此后,经学文本进一步发展。朱熹从《礼记》中选出《大学》、《中庸》两篇,与《论语》、《孟子》合为《四书》,并作《四书集注》。这是元、明、清读书人的必修教科书,也是科举考试的法定标准。为适应读书应举的需要,宋代以后《三字经》、《百家姓》、《千字文》等蒙学教材流行于世,清代增有《弟子规》读本。

1.下列对“经学”解说正确的一项是(     )

A.起源于子夏和苟子的经学,随着时代发展教育变革而演化成了一门训解、阐述儒家经典的学问。

B.经学在两汉时处于独尊地位,隋唐后因与科举结合而对儒家通识教育产生过重大影响。

C.唐至宋初数百年间,《五经正义》一直是科举取士的标准经说,也是天下士子谨守的官书。

D.经学文本经朱熹得到进一步发展,《四书集注》是以后封建时代科举考试的法定标准。

2.下列不属于“推动了经学文本重大发展”的人和事的一项是(     )

A.唐太宗命孔颖达与诸儒撰定的《五经正义》在唐高宗永徽四年颁行后,遂成为科举取士的标准经说。 B.贾公彦、杨士勋、徐彦在《五经正义》的基础上,又拓展了经学文本,合称的《九经正义》成为唐代明经科取士的经说。

C.北宋庆历后,王安石改制,废置《仪礼》学官,而改以《周礼》取士,并未将《春秋》列于学官。

D.宋代朱熹将《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》合成《四书》,并作《四书集注》,这是元、明、清的必修教科书和科举考试的法定标准。

3.简要概括经学文本在唐代的演变特点。

答:_____________________________________________________________

多项选择题