问题 阅读理解

London has always been known for its "black fogs". In the winter of 1952, a milky white fog rolled into the city. As the smoke poured into the air, it was so hard to see that people had to walk in front of the buses to guide them. In this way, the most serious air pollution disaster in history began. When it was over, more than 4,000 people had been killed by the thick black smog.

New York City has had several London-type smogs since 1950. Each time, 100 to 400 deaths were caused by the smog. Although these smogs were not as deadly as London's, New York City has the worst air pollution problem in the United States.

In all the killer smogs, factories and homes poured smoke and fumes into the air from the furnaces. The chemical fumes combined with the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances. These substances caused the illness of those who breathed the polluted air.

Usually, such harmful fumes rise into the upper air and are blown away by the wind. But sometimes there is an unusual weather condition called a temperature inversion. A layer of cold air remains near the ground as smoke and fumes pour into it. This is covered by an upper layer of warm air that acts like a lid. It prevents the polluted cooler air from rising. The harmful fumes pile up and make people ill. The smog may be so thick that airports are closed and chains of collisions occur on the highways.

Another type of smog occurs in Los Angeles. Here the weather may be clear and sunny. But stinging eyes and dry coughs show that harmful chemicals fill the air. The smog is due to invisible gases, mostly from automobile exhaust. Because these chemicals are changed by the sun high up in the air, it is called photochemical smog. It contains automobile exhaust fumes and nitrogen oxides changed by the sun's rays. Added to these are sulfur dioxide and other fumes from factories and oil refineries. Photochemical smog is found in many large cities all over the world.

Killer smogs don't happen very often, fortunately. But in Beijing, a combination of automobile exhaust fumes, home furnace smoke, and factory waste gases pours into the air. This may also happen in the suburbs, or out in the country, where large factories have been built. A number of harmful substances have been found in the air there. When these substances are breathed in day after day, the health of the population is affected.

小题1:Why do people call this phenomenon "black fog"?

A.It is black and dirty.

B.It can affect the health.

C.It can kill people.

D.It is too thick for people to see something.小题2:What can reduce the air pollution according to the passage'?

A.Water.

B.Wind.

C.The sun.

D.Cold air.小题3:When photochemical smog happens in the city,          .

A.many people will be killed

B.black smoke may pour into the air

C.the weather may be fine

D.people have to walk to work小题4:From the passage we know that the most serious black smog disaster took place in    .

A.London

B.New York

C.Los Angeles

D.Beijing

答案

小题1:D

小题2:B

小题3:C

小题4:A 

题目分析:文章大意:伦敦、纽约、洛杉矶和北京四个大城市曾经经历和正在经历的空气污染虽然有些许不同,但是都对人类的生活产生了极大的危害。

小题1:D细节理解题。根据第一段第三句中的“it was so hard to see that people had to walk in front of the buses to guide them”可知答案为D。故D正确。

小题2:B细节理解题。根据第四段的第一句“Usually, such harmful fumes rise into the upper air and are blown away by the wind.”可知答案。故B正确。

小题3:C细节理解题。根据第五段的第二句“Here the weather may be clear and sunny.”可知答案为C。故C正确。

小题4:A推理判断题。根据第一段中的“the most serious air pollution disaster in history began”以及第二段第三句中的“these smogs were not as deadly as London’s”可推知,最严重的浓黑的烟雾发生在伦敦。故A正确。

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读下面文字,完成下列问题
宋代学者称杜甫为“圣于诗者”,这主要是指杜甫在诗歌史上地位而言。他们把杜甫视为“集大成”者,认为他是位无体不工、无美不备的诗人。到了后世把杜甫称为“诗圣”,这突出了杜诗的道德含义(郭沫若称其为“诗中圣哲”也是此意),符合杜诗中的儒学内涵。
“诗圣”的名号,使得杜诗所确立的“忧国忧民”思想逐渐成为了主流理论。不管你是否赞成,但都不能不承认诗歌写作应该反映现实和关注国家与人民命运。南宋诗人就说:“忧时本是诗人职,莫怪吟中感慨多。”这是赞成诗人应该忧国忧民的。也有不赞成的,明代的公安派代表作家袁宏道,提倡个性解放,不同意诗人应有“忧国忧民”的责任感。他在《显灵宫集诸公以麻城山林为韵》中说“新诗日日千余言,诗中无一忧民字”,“自从老杜得诗名,忧国爱民成儿戏”,仔细咀嚼诗意,可见袁氏虽然不赞成此说,但还是把“忧国忧民”看作当时诗歌创作中大多数人所遵循的原则。这些都说明对后世人士影响之深。
诗歌创作乃是中国古代读书人日常功课之一,古代学子平常接触最多当属杜诗。因为杜诗中规矩井然,所以,如应酬中大量运用的律体诗,当以杜甫写得最好,很少率意之作;科举考试中用的试帖诗可以模仿杜集中的“五排”(杜甫以后,很少再有人写出像杜甫这样多的高质量的“五排”了)。对杜诗的广泛的模仿从宋代就开始了。书商为了满足这个社会需求,还把杜诗分类编排,给模仿者以便利。这样,杜诗中的思想感情必然会从阅读的渠道渗入到士人们的思想意识中去。因此,杜诗中对后世文人士大夫性格的塑造产生影响绝不是夸诞之词。
中国的文学传统,特别是古典诗词对读者思想感情的陶冶力量是很难估量的。杜甫诗发扬了儒家思想中富于伦理价值的思想,对古代读书人有很大影响;施之于今日的教育之中,也当有积极的意义。

对文章第二段的分析、理解不正确的一项是:

A.从“新诗日日千余言,诗中无一忧民字”中可以看出袁宏道不同意诗人应有“忧国忧民”的责任感。

B.南宋诗人大多数在诗歌创作中仍遵循“忧国忧民”是诗人职分的原则。

C.“自从老杜得诗名,忧国忧民成儿戏”这句诗表明袁宏道认为杜甫以后诗歌多为儿戏之作。

D.明代大多数诗人在诗歌创作中仍遵循“忧国忧民”的原则,袁宏道认为这也是事实。