问题 问答题

十二指肠镜(包括ERCD)的适应证有哪些

答案

参考答案:答:十二指肠镜的适应证:(1)梗阻性黄疸,需明确胆道梗阻的原因。(2)可疑胆道结石,需确定胆石诊断及其所在部位。(3)可疑胆管肿瘤,需确诊肿瘤及其所在部位。(4)胆源性胰腺炎和化脓性胆管炎,需明确原因及选择治疗方式。(5)肝内外胆管扩张者,需明确扩张原因,指导治疗。(6)胆总管囊肿,需确定病变和类型,指导治疗。 (7)胆道蛔虫症,需明确诊断,内镜取石。(8)Vater壶腹癌,十二指肠镜检查是发现壶腹癌最早、最准确的方法。(9)缩窄性 * * 炎,ERCP是目前诊断此病的十分可靠的方法。(10)慢性胰腺炎,可以看到胰管外形和管腔的变化而确定诊断,如“串珠征”等。(11)胰腺肿瘤,可以看到胰管肿瘤段内腔狭窄而远段扩张等征象而诊断。(12)胰腺分隔,是确诊此病的唯一的准确方法。(13)胰腺结石,是确诊结石的有无和部位的有效方法。(14)胰腺假性囊肿,假性囊肿因和胰管相通,故胰管造影可以发现囊肿的存在和大小。

单项选择题

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency(crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (91) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (92) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (93) with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in (94) to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, (95) as a rejection of middle, class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (96) the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (97) lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (98) to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (99) juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (100) to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (101) make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (102) lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (103) changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; (104) , children are likely to have less supervision at home (105) was common in the traditional family (106) . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (107) causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (108) of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (109) of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (110) a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

A.acting

B.relying

C.centering

D.commenting

单项选择题