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                                                      Brief History of the World's Fair
     World's Fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that ended with the
French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. It was soon followed by other natioml exhibitions in
continemal Europe, and finalIy came to London where the first real international exhibition was held.
     Since their start in 1851, the character of world expositions has developed gradually. Three eras (年代)
can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.
Industrialization (185l-l938)
     The first era could be called the era of industrialization and covered the period from 1851 to 1938. In
these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade and famous for the display of technological
inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platform where the state of the art in science and
technology from around the world was brought together. Inventions such as the telephone were first presented
during this era. An important part of the image of World's Fairs stems from this first era.
Cultural exchange (1939-1991)
     The 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1949 Stockholm World's Fair were different from the original
focus of the expositions. From then on, World's Fairs became more strongly based on a specific theme of
cultural significance, and began to address issues of humankind. Technology and inventions remained
important, but no longer as the principal subjects of the Fair. Cross-cultural dialogue and the exchange of
solutions became defining elements of the expos. It was also during this timr, specifically in the 196os, that
BIE organizers started calling World's Fairs "Expo's".
Nation branding (1992-present)
     From Expo'88 in Brisbanc onwards, countries started to use World Expositions more widely and more
strongly as a platform to improve their national images through their pavilions (展馆). Finland, Japan, Canada,
France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers"
showed that improving national images was the primary participation goal for 73% of the countries at Expo
2000. In a world where a strong national image is a key asset (财产), pavilions became advertising campaigns,
and the Expo a channel for nation branding. As well as cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries
(and the cities and regions hosting them) also use the world exposition to brand themselves.
Future expositions
     2017 will see a recognized exposition Bidding may begin as early as 2012 for this smaller-sized exposition.
Already, Edmonton, Alberta and Canada have voted to go on with the second stage of putting together a bid
for Edmonton EXPO 2017. 2020 will see a registered category of exposition. Bidding may begin as early as
2011 for this larger sized exposition. There are citizen efforts in American cities with the intention of bringing
a World's Fair back to the United States.

Paragraph Outline	Supporting Details
The (1)_____ of World's Fairs	● The idea of World's Fairs came from the French tradition ● Later the tradition was replaced by the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris.
Industrialization (1851-1938)	● The world expositions were especially fixed on trade and known for the (2)_____ of technological inventions. ● The world expositions created a platform for countries to present inventions. ● In this era, an important image of World's Fairs came into (3)_____
Cultural exchange (1939-1991)	● The focus of World's Fairs (4)_____ from the original one and became more theme-based. ● World's Fairs were of more (5)_____ significance and started to deal with the problems of mankind. ● (6)_____ technology and inventions were still important, they were no longer regarded as the principal subjects.
Nation branding (1992-present)	● World Expos began to be used more widely and strongly as a platform for countries to improve national (7)_____. ● 73% of the countries (8)_____ in Expo 2000 used it as a channel for nation branding. ● (9)_____ cultural and symbolic reasons, organizing countries made use of the World Expos to promote themselves.
(10)_____ World's Fairs	● 2017 will see a recognized exposition and 2020 will see a registered category of exposition American citizens are making efforts to bring a World's Fair back to their country.

答案

1. origin/beginning/start 2. display/show 3. being/existence 4. differed 5. cultural

6. Although/Though/While 7. images/brands 8. participating/joining 9. Besides 10. Future/Upcoming