问题 填空题

Ⅰ.药物是人类抵御疾病的重要武器之一.正确认识和使用药物是保证身心健康的重要方面.常用药品有:①碘酒 ②青霉素 ③阿司匹林④葡萄糖注射液.请回答下列问题:

(1)上述物质中属于抗生素的是______(填写序号,下同);常用于皮肤消毒的是______.

(2)胃液中含有盐酸,胃舒平(含氢氧化铝、淀粉等)可用于治疗胃酸过多.

①写出该药物发挥功效的离子方程式:______.

②淀粉是其中的填充剂、粘合剂,在人体内酶的作用下,最终转化为______(写分子式).

(3)下列关于药物使用的说法中,正确的是______.

A.阿司匹林没有毒副作用,可以长期大量服用

B.使用青霉素前需进行皮肤敏感试验

C.低血糖病症发作时,静脉滴入葡萄糖溶液可快速见效

D.麻黄碱可用于治疗感冒

Ⅱ.材料是人类赖以生存的重要物质基础.通常可分为金属材料、无机非金属材料、高分子合成材料及复合材料.

(1)锂电池的质量轻,电容量大,颇受手机、手提电脑等制造商的青睐.某种锂电池的总反应式为Li+MnO2═LiMnO2,其中被氧化的元素是______.

(2)全世界每年因生锈损失的钢铁约占世界钢铁年产量的

1
4
.______(填“化学腐蚀”或“电化学腐蚀”)是钢铁发生最普遍的腐蚀.

(3)无机非金属材料主要包括玻璃、水泥和______.塑料、合成橡胶和______是常说的三大合成材料.

Ⅲ.近年来,湖南省围绕“资源节约型和环境友好型”这一主题,积极谋求社会的和谐发展.请你根据这一主题和题意,用下列选项的字母代号进行填空.

A.二氧化硫B.二氧化碳C.开发新能源D.沉淀法

(1)造成温室效应和全球气候变暖的主要物质是______;

(2)以煤炭为主的能源结构易导致酸雨的形成,形成这类酸雨的主要物质是______;

(3)水体污染加剧了水资源的短缺.处理含有Hg2+等重金属离子的废水常用的一种方法是______;

(4)石油是一种重要能源,人类正面临着石油短缺的难题.请说出解决能源短缺问题的一种方法______.

答案

Ⅰ(1)青霉素属于抗生素碘酒常用于皮肤消毒,故答案为:②;①;

(2)胃液中的盐酸与药物中的氢氧化铝反应生成氯化铝和水,该反应的离子方程式为:Al(OH)3+3H+═Al3++3H2O,淀粉最终水解生成葡萄糖C6H12O6

故答案为:Al(OH)3+3H+═Al3++3H2O;C6H12O6

(3)凡是药物都带有一定的毒性和副作用,使用青霉素前需进行皮肤敏感试验,低血糖病症发作时,静脉滴入葡萄糖溶液可快速见效,麻黄碱不可用于治疗感冒可用于治疗哮喘,故选BC;

Ⅱ(1)被氧化的元素化合价升高,根据Li+MnO2=LiMnO2可知,Li、Mn在反应前分别是0价和+4价,而反应后Li、Mn的化合价分别是+1价和+3价.所以化合价升高的是Li,故答案为:锂;

(2)电化学腐蚀是钢铁发生最普遍的腐蚀,故答案为:电化学腐蚀;

(3)无机非金属材料主要包括玻璃、水泥和陶瓷;三大合成材料是塑料、合成橡胶和合成纤维,故答案为:陶瓷;合成纤维;

Ⅲ(1)二氧化碳能造成温室效应和全球气候变暖,故选B;   

(2)煤中含硫,二氧化硫是形成这类酸雨的主要物质,故选A;  

(3)处理含有Hg2+等重金属离子的废水常用沉淀法,如加入硫化钠等,故选D;    

(4)解决能源短缺问题必须开发新能源,故选C.

单项选择题
单项选择题

Until recently, most population growth has occurred in relatively dense urban environments. In (91) words, even if we were witnessing rapid population growth, that would not mean that the (92) were filling in with people. (93) , the urban areas would tend to become more crowded. Historically, we find that people have moved to (94) the jobs were. Jobs were usually in ports or locations with many natural (95) . After transportation became relatively cheap, other geographical locations became (96) of economic activity. One factor that determines where people will move to, even when transportation becomes cheap, is (97) . And individuals working in cities (98) higher incomes than those working in (99) areas. Hence, population has tended until the 1970s to (100) in our major urban centers. Recently population has (101) out of the Northeast to the South and to the West for the more pleasant climates. If people did not (102) from living in large cities, there would likely be a much more even population distribution (103) our entire land area. Probably, if this (104) the case, there would be less concern over population (105) Indeed, one need only (106) a cross-country drive or plane trip to realize how (107) populated these United States really are. This is not to say that we should or should not do something about (108) growth. The shortage of people in certain areas merely demonstrates that overpopulation in the United States is really only a problem in (109) urban environments. And this problem may be slowly correcting (110) .

A.resources

B.sources

C.means

D.wealth