临床用于新生儿窒息的药物是（）
A．咖啡因
B．山梗莱碱
C．尼可刹米
D．哌醋甲脂
E．二甲弗林
参考答案：B
解析：
本组题考查中枢兴奋药。山梗菜碱(洛贝林)不能直接兴奋延髓呼吸中枢，主要兴奋颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受器反射性兴奋呼吸中枢。安全范围大，临床常用于新生儿窒息，引起的窒息，吸入麻醉剂及其他中枢抑制药引起的呼吸衰竭的急救。尼可刹米能直接兴奋延髓呼吸中枢，提高呼吸中枢对C02的敏感性，用于各种原因导致的中枢性呼吸抑制的急救。哌醋甲酪有温和的中枢兴奋作用，能改善精神活动，振奋精神，消除睡意及疲乏感，也可用于麻醉后短期恢复和小儿遗尿症、儿童多动综合症的治疗。二甲弗林可直接兴奋吸吸中枢，用于各种原因引起的中枢性吸吸衰竭，以及麻醉药，催眠药所致的呼吸抑制的急救。咖啡因对中枢兴奋作用较弱，小剂量增强大脑皮层兴奋过程，临床用于解救急性中毒、催眠药、麻醉药、镇痛药中毒等引起的呼吸、循环衰竭，与麦角配伍可治疗偏头痛。故答案为D、B、A。
| Summerhill began as an experimental school, It is no longer such; it is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When my first wife and I began the school, we had one main idea: to make the school fit the child-instead of making the child fit the school. I had this idea because I had taught in ordinary schools for many years. I knew the other way well. I knew it was all wrong. It was wrong because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should be and of how a child should learn. The other way dated from the days when psychology was still and unknown science. Well, we set out to make a school in which we should allow children freedom to be themselves. In order to do this, we had to renounce all discipline, all direction, all suggestion, all moral training, all religious instruction. We have been called brave, but it did not require courage. All it required was what we had-a complete belief in the child as a good, not an evil, being. For almost forty years, this belief in the goodness of the child has never wavered; it rather has become a final faith. My view is that a child is innately wise and realistic. If left to himself without adult suggestion of any kind, he will develop as far as he is capable of developing. But, what is Summerhill like Well, for one thing, lessons are optional. Children can go to them to stay away from them-for years if they want to. There is a timetable-but only for the teachers. The children have classes usually according to their age, but sometimes according to their interests. We have no new methods of teaching, because we do not consider that teaching in itself matters very much. Whether a school has or has not a special method for teaching long division is of no significance, for long division is of no importance except to those who want to learn it. And the child who wants to learn long division will learn it no matter how taught. Children who come to Summerhill as kindergarteners attend lessons from the beginning of their stay; but pupil from other schools vow that they will never attend any beastly lessons again at any time. They play and cycle and get in people’s way, but they fight shy of lessons. This sometimes goes on for months. They recovery time is proportionate to the hatred their last school gave them. Our record case was a girl from a convent. She loafed for three years. The average period of recovery from lesson aversion is three mouths. Summerhill is probably the happiest school in the world. We have no truants and seldom a case of homesickness. We very rarely have fights-quarrels, of course. I have seldom seen a stand-up fight like the ones we used to have as boys. I seldom hear a child cry, because children when free have much less hate to express than children who are downtrodden. Hate breeds hate, and love breads love. Love means approving of children, and that is essential in any school. You can’t be on the side of children if you punish them and storm at them. Summerhill is a school in which the child knows what he is approved of. |
The approach Summerhill adopts in its education can be termed as being
A．humanistic.
B．realistic.
C．physiological.
D．psychological.