问题 问答题

过山车是游乐场中常见的设施.下图是一种过山车的简易模型,它由水平轨道和在竖直平面内的三个圆形轨道组成,B、C、D分别是三个圆形轨道的最低点,B、C间距与C、D间距相等,半径R1=2.0m、R2=1.4m.一个质量为m=1.0kg的小球(视为质点),从轨道的左侧A点以v0=12.0m/s的初速度沿轨道向右运动,A、B间距L1=6.0m.小球与水平轨道间的动摩擦因数为0.2,圆形轨道是光滑的.假设水平轨道足够长,圆形轨道间不相互重叠.重力加速度取g=10m/s2,计算结果保留小数点后一位数字.试求

(1)小球在经过第一个圆形轨道的最高点时,轨道对小球作用力的大小;

(2)如果小球恰能通过第二圆形轨道,B、C间距L应是多少;

(3)在满足(2)的条件下,如果要使小球不能脱离轨道,在第三个圆形轨道的设计中,半径R3应满足的条件;小球最终停留点与起点A的距离.

答案

(1)设小球经过第一个圆轨道的最高点时的速度为v1根据动能定理得:

-μmgL1-2mgR1=

1
2
mv12-
1
2
mv02

小球在最高点受到重力mg和轨道对它的作用力F,根据牛顿第二定律有:

             F+mg=m

v21
R1
        ②

由 ①、②得               F=10.0 N  ③

(2)设小球在第二个圆轨道的最高点的速度为v2,由小球恰能通过第二圆形轨道有:

                 mg=m

v22
R2
     ④

-μmg(L1+L)-2mgR2=

1
2
mv22-
1
2
mv02  ⑤

由④、⑤得             L=12.5m    ⑥

(3)要保证小球不脱离轨道,可分两种情况进行讨论:

 I.轨道半径较小时,小球恰能通过第三个圆轨道,设在最高点的速度为v3,应满足

               mg=m

v23
R3
  ⑦

-μmg(L1+2L)-2mgR3=

1
2
mv32-
1
2
mv02 ⑧

由 ⑥、⑦、⑧得            R3=0.4m

II.轨道半径较大时,小球上升的最大高度为R3,根据动能定理

-μmg(L1+2L)-2mgR3=0-

1
2
mv02             

解得                   R3=1.0m

为了保证圆轨道不重叠,R3最大值应满足

                (R2+R32=L2+(R3-R22

解得               R3=27.9m

综合I、II,要使小球不脱离轨道,则第三个圆轨道的半径须满足下面的条件

  0<R3≤0.4m或  1.0m≤R3≤27.9m

当0<R3≤0.4m时,小球最终焦停留点与起始点A的距离为L′,则

-μmgL′=0-

1
2
mv02     

             L′=36.0m

当1.0m≤R3≤27.9m时,小球最终焦停留点与起始点A的距离为L〞,则

                 L″=L′-2(L′-L1-2L)=26.0m

答:(1)小球在经过第一个圆形轨道的最高点时,轨道对小球作用力的大小为10.0N;

(2)如果小球恰能通过第二圆形轨道,B、C间距L应是12.5m;

(3)第三个圆轨道的半径须满足下面的条件  0<R3≤0.4m或  1.0m≤R3≤27.9m

当0<R3≤0.4m时,小球最终焦停留点与起始点A的距离为36.0m

当1.0m≤R3≤27.9m时,小球最终焦停留点与起始点A的距离为26.0m.

阅读理解

Buses are celebrating their 100th anniversary. About 80 percent of all public-transport passengers worldwide are carried by buses.

The bus is a very efficient mode of transport, being cheap, flexible, comfortable and, in many cases, tailored to the needs of users both in terms of capacity and speed. Buses operate in mixed traffic, and are easy to put in service.

From an economic, environmental and social point of view, the bus remains the best solution to the problem of achieving balanced and environmentally-friendly urban development. Indeed, the bus is the only mode of public transport in many of the world’s cities, and plays a key supporting role in cities with rail transport.

Over the past decades, increased use of roads by private cars has contributed to terrible traffic problems, affecting the speed of buses as well, and hence their service quality, reliability, energy consumption, and economy. In such circumstances, the efficiency and performance of buses depends heavily on special lanes. Various forms are possible----from a mere painted mark on the road to more expensive variants such as elevated lanes, movable barriers, and “bus locks”.

A related trend is to look beyond vehicle technology alone and to consider the wider system, of which buses are a part, such as the infrastructure(基础设施)and other operational aspects of city. This is commonly known and promoted as the “bus-system approach”. Other key innovations(革新) include clean engines, alternative fuels, and guidance devices. In terms of the designs of buses, much of what has happened to light rail can be transferred to them, including the shapes of the vehicles themselves.

The energy consumption of a bus per passenger is one-sixth that of a car, and buses are only responsible for about 5% of the CO2 emissions generated by vehicles at present.

1. From this passage we learn that_____________.

A. buses are the most environmentally-friendly of all motorized vehicles

B. buses were first used more than a century ago

C. most passengers prefer trains to buses

D. a bus has a much larger capacity than any other vehicle

2. What has affected the service quality of buses?

A. Unsuitable infrastructure.                      B. Private cars.

C. The increasing population of cities.

D. Very rapid urban development.

3. Which of the following is an approach to improving bus service?

A. Improving the speed of buses.

B. Reducing the number of private cars.

C. Setting up special lanes for buses.

D. Increasing the number of buses.

4. From the passage we can infer that in the future_____________.

A. there will be more buses than today

B. bus engines will need no power

C. buses will be replaced by other means of transport

D. the appearance of buses will change

选择题