问题 问答题

试述文献研究的优缺点。

答案

参考答案:文献研究的优点主要有:
(1)可研究那些不可能接近的研究对象。比如,对于那些早巳去世的历史人物,采用观察、访问等其他的社会研究方法都已不可能,而文献研究则可以帮助我们达到这一目的。此外,当我们要研究国外的或由于其他各种原因而难以直接访问的研究对象时,往往也只能或适宜采用文献法。
(2)具有非介入性和无反应性的优点。做文献研究时,研究者不需要直接接触被研究的人,因此不会由于研究人员与被调查者之间的互动不当而导致信息失真。并且,许多文献在其最初形成时也通常是在自然的、无干扰的情况下记录的。由于没有研究人员的介入,文献内容不会受到研究人员主观因素的影响。
(3)适于作纵贯研究和趋势研究。文献研究比其他资料收集方式更适合于作长期的研究。例如,研究者发现近十年来人们的消费方式发生了很大的变化,如果通过问卷和访问的方法则会受到人们记忆能力和主观过滤的影响,很可能达不到理想的结果。而采用文献法能更好地保持资料的客观性和真实性。
(4)费用较低。文献研究一般不需要大量的研究人员,也不要求特别的没备,只要能够收集到足够的文献资料,就可以进行研究了。
文献研究的缺点主要有:
(1)文献内容无法控制。许多文献原本不是为了后来的研究目的而编制或撰写的,这一点常常使编写的文献的内容难以保证。这主要表现在:当初编写文献的人处于自身的各种目的和意图,往往可能强调某些方面而忽略另外一些方面,因此当后来的研究者利用这些文献时,往往会发现文献内容不能完全满足研究的需要。并且,由于前人对文献可能做出了取舍,因此后来的研究人员难以把握文献内容的正确性和精确度。
(2)缺乏统一格式,资料间难以对比。有些文献有较为统一的格式,但许多文献,特别是个人文献,并没有较为固定的格式在一段时间内出现的内容,在另一段时间内可能就没有了。因此在利用文献法做纵贯研究或比较研究有时会发现资料不完整。
(3)编码困难,难以数量化。研究者有时候需要对资料进行数量化分析,因此,需要对资料进行编码和量化处理。但由于当初的文献在编写目的、对象等方面的不同,在内容、长度和形式等方面也会不同,所以,往往很难对它进行编码,尤其是文字资料的量化处理更为困难。编码的困难是文献研究人员所面临的最困难的任务之一。
(4)研究所需要的部分文献不易获得。许多文献是非公开的,或者不是任何人都可获得的。因此,研究者有时无法收集到足够的文献资料。

完形填空

Everyone can experience anger sometimes, but not everyone can control it properly. To some people, controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do.
When it comes to anger control, there are lots of tools and things that you can do. The first technique you can use is to recognize stress when it occurs. This is extremely important as you need to understand what causes this pressure and attempt to reduce this stress before it transforms quickly into anger.
Developing empathy (移情) is another anger control skill you can learn. You can teach yourself how to reduce or eliminate (消除)anger completely by seeing things from other people’s perspective.
You need to learn how to respond to situations rather than react. Think about your response and calmly approach this rather than reacting suddenly when stress and pressure are triggered.
When you experience unwanted feelings, control these by talking to yourself in your own mind and enable yourself to deal with those feelings effectively before acting on them. By talking it over in your own head you can work out how you will best deal with the situation instead of acting on impulse (冲动), which can be destructive.
Anger control can also be achieved with the skill of being able to communicate with others with honesty. You can effectively train yourself to respond to situations without getting annoyed about things.
These feelings can quite regularly be set off by a difference in what we expect and what actually get in life. Often if things do not go our way or we feel we have been harshly treated, we will find it hard to control our anger. If you adjust your expectations, then you should be able to handle difficult situations and cope with them much better.
Finally it is vitally important to step back and think about things that are happening rather than acting too quickly. It can sometimes be very hard not to wade in (介入)and start acting before thinking about things first.
Therefore, it is important to remember that everyone has the capacity to lose their temper and controlling it is the real challenge.
How can you control anger?
Problem
Anger is a normal feeling in people’s lives, yet not all can deal with it in the 小题1:_______ way. Some people find anger control hard.
Anger control 小题2:__________.
◆Acknowledge your stress, face it bravely, discover the cause and try to
小题3:________before it develops into anger.
◆Think about things from other people’s perspective and take 小题4:_______       of the power of empathy.
◆Respond calmly to situations rather than 小题5:_________
◆Talking will help you to get rid of unwanted feelings and avoid destructive  
小题6:__________.
◆Avoid annoyed feelings by 小题7:__________other honestly.
◆Make 小题8:________to your expectations in difficult situations.
◆Think 小题9:__________you act.
Conclusion
Though it is a human ability to be angry, it is a challenge to bring it
小题10:__________
 
单项选择题 A1型题