问题 问答题 简答题

怎样利用市场机制实现资源的合理配置和提高资源的利用效率。

答案

参考答案:

市场机制,就是市场的各个要素,包括价格、供求、竞争等要素之间,互相联系,互相制约,各自发挥功能,又共同发挥功能的有机联系。市场的各种要素,一般又成为市场的各种机制,如价格机制、供求机制、竞争机制等。它们的联系和作用统一构成市场机制,其中,价格机制是市场机制的核心。

(1)价格机制。价格机制能调节生产和投资的方向及规模,调节商品的供求关系,调节消费需求的方向和结构,调节收入分配,调节技术进步和经营管理,等等。价格机制发挥作用的条件是价格与价值既相背离,有趋于一致,因为价格与价值相背离又趋于一致,是价格机制作用的实现形式。

(2)供求机制。供求机制可以调节商品的价格,调节商品的生产与消费的方向和规模。供求结构的变化,能调节生产结构和消费结构的变化,等等。供求机制发挥作用的条件是供求关系能够灵活地变动,因为供求关系在不断变动中取得相对的平衡,这是供求机制作用的实现形式。

(3)竞争机制。竞争机制能促进企业改进生产技术,加强经营管理,提高产品质量,改善服务态度;有利于打破地区和部门分割,促进商品和生产要素的交流;有利于实行优胜劣汰,增强经济活力,促进社会经济的发展。等等。竞争机制发挥作用的条件,主要是企业必须真正成为自主经营、自负盈亏、自我约束、自我发展的市场竞争主体,是企业在竞争中获得相应的经济利益和承担各种风险。同时要有较为完善的市场体系、市场规则和价格体系,消除各种垄断行为。总之,市场调节就是市场机制的调节,也就是在发挥价格机制、供求机制、竞争机制的基础上,通过价格、供求、竞争的相互制约和联系,调节社会经济的运行,从而最终调节社会资源的配置,促进社会经济的发展。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Questions 6~10


Lighting up a cigarette at home could bring a visit from Honduran police if a family member or even a visitor complains about secondhand smoke. A new law that took effect on Monday banning smoking in most public and private spaces doesn’t actually outlaw cigarettes inside homes, but it does have a provision allowing people to file complaints about secondhand smoke in homes. Violations would bring a verbal warning on the first offense. After that could come arrest and a $311 fine—the equivalent of the monthly minimum wage in this Central American country.
Even some anti-smoking advocates suspect that part of the law may not work. "It seems its intention is to educate by way of complaints, a move that I do not find very feasible," said Armando Peruga, a program manager at the World Health Organization’s Tobacco-Free Initiative. He did praise Honduras for adopting a broad anti-smoking law, noting it is only the 29th nation to adopt such a law out of WHO’s 193 member states. But Peruga said the clause allowing family members to call police on their smoker relatives is confusing. The clause "does not make much sense since the law clearly does not prohibit smoking at homes".
The law bans smoking in most closed public or private spaces and orders smokers to stand at least 1.8 meters away from nonsmokers in any open space. The law explicitly bans smoking in schools, gas stations, nightclubs, restaurants, bars, buses, taxis, stadiums and cultural centers hut it doesn’t clearly ban smoking at home. Still, one clause says that "families or individuals may complain to law enforcement authorities when smokers expose them to secondhand smoke in private places and family homes".
"The law is clear and we will comply with it," said Rony Portillo, director of the Institute to Prevent Alcoholism and Drug Addiction. "Authorities will intervene (at a home) when someone makes a complaint. " Some say the law will be almost impossible to enforce in a country of 8 million people with a rampant crime problem and only 12,000 police officers. "Police won’t be able to enforce it because they can barely keep up with the crime wave that has been overwhelming us to be able to go after those who are smoking at home," said Jose Martinez, a 38-year-old computer engineer who has smoked for 20 years.
The law also outlaws all advertising for tobacco products and requires photos of lungs affected by cancer to be placed on cigarette packs. Tobacco and cigarette companies have 60 days to comply with both requirements.
In Honduras, 30 percent of the people smoke, and nine out of 10 Hondurans suffering from acute bronchitis live in homes where there is a smoker, according to Honduran health authorities.

Armando Peruga’s response to the adoption of the new law in Honduras is best described as

A. suspicious
B. compromising
C. positive
D. optimistic