问题 问答题

试论述程序化决策和非程序化决策的不同点。

答案

参考答案:按照决策问题的重复程度和有无先例可循,可把行政决策分为程序化决策和非程序化决策。
程序化决策是指那些例行的、按照一定频率或间隔重复进行的决策。这类决策可以确定,有客观正确的答案而且可以使用简单的规则、政策、数学技术来解决。管理者大量遇到的是重复出现的例行问题,如产品定价、职工请假、常用物资采购、日常任务安排、“三包”产品质量问题的处理等。
非程序化决策是指为解决不经常出现的非例行的新问题所进行的决策。这类决策是全新的、复杂的、无章可循的,它们有各种各样的解决方案,每个方案都各有优缺点,又称非常规决策、一次性决策或非定型化决策。它所要解决的问题主要是那些偶然发生的、新颖的、性质和结构不甚分明的、具有重大影响的例外问题,如重大投资问题、公司发展战略问题、新产品开发、组织结构调整、企业兼并等。

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根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,选项中有两项为多余选项。

                                                                  How to Make Friends

     Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends.  Good friendship

has many benefits.  It offers companionship, improves self-worth and promotes good health.  There are

times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town, or changed our jobs or

schools.  Such changes often leaves us without a friend   1 .  But for many of us the process is difficult

and requires courage.  Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.

    1.Associate with others.

     The first step to making friends is associating with other people.  You can go to public places to meet

new people.  Besides, you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such

places.

    2.Start a conversation

    Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends.    2  You can always start the conversation.  Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.  

    3.  3  

    Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would

always bring you and your friend together, Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.

   4.Let it grow.

    It is a good thing to stay in touch.  However, try not to press your new friend with calls, messages or

visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend.    4   .  The best

friendships are the ones that grow naturally.

   5.Enjoy your friendship

   The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves.     5   Try not to

change them from who they are to what you want them to be.  Become the kind of friend you will want

your friend to be to you.

A.  Be cheerful.          

B.  Do things together.        

C.  Do not wait to be spoken to.          

D.  Try not to find fault with your friends.

E.  Making new friends comes easy for some people.

F.  For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.

G.  So you will need to give your friend time to react to you.