问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文字,完成小题

原  弊

[宋] 欧阳修

农者,天下之本也,而王政所由起也。古之为国者未尝敢忽,而今之为吏者不然,薄书听断而已矣,闻有道农之事,则相与笑之曰:鄙。夫知赋敛移用之为急,不知务农为先者,是未原为政之本末也。知务农而不知节用以爱农,是未尽务农之方也。

古之为政者,上下相移用以济。下之用力者甚勤,上之用物者有节,民无遗力,国不过费。上爱其下,下给其上,使不相困。一夫之力,督之必尽其所任;一日之用,节之必量其所入。一岁之耕,供公与民食,皆出其间而常有余。故三年而余一年之备。今乃不然,耕者,不复督其力;用者,不复计其出入。一岁之耕供公仅足,而民食不过数月。甚者,场功甫毕,簸糠麸而食秕稗,或采橡实、畜菜根以延冬春。不幸一水旱,则相枕为饿殍。此甚可叹也!

国家罢兵, 三十三岁矣。兵尝经用者老死今尽,而后来者未尝闻金鼓、识战阵也。生于无事而饱于衣食也,其势不得不骄惰。今卫兵入宿,不自持被而使人持之;禁兵给粮,不自荷而雇人荷之。其骄如此,况肯冒辛苦以战斗乎?就使兵耐辛苦而能斗战,虽耗农民,为之可也。奈何有为兵之虚名,而其实骄惰无用之人也。

古之凡民长大壮健者皆在南亩,农隙则教之以战。今乃大异,一遇凶岁,则州郡吏以尺度量民之长大而试其壮健者,招之去为禁兵;其次不及尺度而稍怯弱者,籍之以为厢兵。吏招人多者有赏,而民方穷时争投之。故一经凶荒,则所留在南亩者惟老弱也。而吏方曰:不收为兵,则恐为盗。噫!苟知一时之不为盗,而不知其终身骄惰而窃食也古之长大壮健者任耕,而老弱者游惰;今之长大壮健者游惰,而老弱者留耕也。何相反之甚邪!然民尽力乎南亩者,或不免乎狗彘之食,而一去为僧、兵,则终身安佚而享丰腴,则南亩之民不得不日减也。故曰有诱民之弊者,谓此也。(选自《欧阳文忠公集》,有删改)

小题1:对下列语句中划线词的解释,不正确的一项是(   )

A.则相与笑之曰:   鄙:卑鄙

B.场功毕        甫:刚刚

C.或采橡实、菜根以延冬春畜:通“蓄”

D.之以为厢兵籍:登记小题2:下列各组语句中,全都表明不重视农业所造成的恶果的一组是(   )

①一岁之耕供公仅足,而民食不过数月

②不幸一水旱,则相枕为饿殍

③生于无事而饱于衣食也,其势不得不骄惰

④一遇凶岁,则州郡吏以尺度量民之长大而试其壮健者

⑤则南亩之民不得不日减也

⑥故曰有诱民之弊者,谓此也

A.①②⑤

B.①③⑥

C.②④⑥

D.③④⑤小题3:下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括,不正确的一项是(  )

A.作者认为农业是天下之本,当政者只知使用民力而不知爱惜民力是不可取的。

B.作者通过古今施政的对比,揭示了宋朝农民在利益被严重侵害下的悲惨遭遇。

C.作者认为,休战以来的士卒已经老迈,因此背军粮的任务只好雇请他人来做。

D.作者指出,高大健壮的不种田,年老体弱的却在田地劳作,有时吃的是猪狗食。

答案

小题1:A

小题1:A

小题1:C

小题1:根据文意,A项中“鄙”应解释为:鄙陋,见识短浅

小题1:③句是说国家长久没有战事,士兵衣食无忧,将导致骄纵怠惰。④句是说遇到灾荒年,州郡官吏挑选健壮者当兵。这两句均与题旨无关,运用排除法,因此选A。

小题1:根据文意,背军粮的任务请他人来做并非因为士卒老迈,而是健壮的士卒骄纵怠惰造成的。

【参考译文】 原弊

农业是天下的根本,是施行王政的基础。古代治国者不敢忽视,但是如今当官的不是这样,只是处理公文,办理政务罢了。听说谈论农业方面的事,就互相取笑说:真是见识短浅,只知道征收赋税是紧要公务,不懂得把务农之事放在首位,这是因为他们没有分清处理政事的本末轻重啊。懂得务农之道却不了解通过节俭来爱惜农力,这也是没能完全懂得务农的方略啊。

 古代施政,上上下下讲求互相帮扶互相补充。下面的民众劳作得非常勤苦,上面的统治者使用财物非常节俭。民众不遗余力,国家也不过度浪费。上面爱惜下面的民力,下面的民众供给上面的统治者,双方都不使对方陷于困境。一个农夫的力量,加以督责必定都能竭尽;一天的用度,必定量入而出地节俭安排。一年的耕作,交公或自用,都可从田地中产出并常有结余。因此三年里经常有一年的结余来备用。如今却不是这样,耕种的人不再被督责尽力耕种,消费者不再根据收入确定支出。一年的耕种仅够充公,可农民自己够吃的粮食不超过几个月。更有甚者,庄稼刚打完场,用簸箕去除糠皮麦麸,吃不饱满的秕谷稗子,有的还采集橡子果、贮存菜根来准备度过冬春两季。一旦不幸赶上水灾旱灾,就会有许多饿死的人,尸体横七竖八地枕藉在一起,这真是令人哀叹啊!

 国家休战以来,有三十三年了。那些历经战阵的精兵已老死殆尽,可后来的兵士不曾听到过战鼓声不识战阵。生在太平无事之时而且衣食无忧,就势必养成骄纵怠惰的习惯。如今派卫兵入内拱守,自己不拿兵器却让别人拿;给禁军分派粮草,自己不运送却让别人来背负。骄纵到了这种地步,他们能冒着艰辛来战斗吗?假使士兵吃苦耐劳而且能征惯战,即使耗费一些民力,也不是不可以的。没法办的是他们有当兵的虚名,却都是些骄纵怠惰的无用之人。

 过去凡是身体强健的农夫都在南亩耕种,农闲时就进行军事训练,如今却完全不同,一遇到灾年,州郡的官吏就用尺衡量百姓的身高,找出其中高大健壮者,招集起来让他们去做禁军;身高不够稍微体弱胆怯者,就登记下把他们偏为厢军。朝廷对招人多的官吏有赏赐,而民众此时正陷入穷困之境,争着当军。所以留在南亩种地的只有老弱病残之人。可官吏还说:“不把他们收为士兵,恐怕会沦为盗贼。”唉!只知道他们一时不去做盗贼,却不知道他们一生都在骄横懒惰窃取衣食。过去身强力壮的人负责耕作,可老弱之人闲游怠惰;现在身强力壮的人闲散怠惰,老弱之人却留下来耕作。这种反差实在是太大了!然而努力在南亩中耕种的民众,有时还免不了吃猪狗之食,而一旦离开田地去当和尚、士兵,却终身安逸并享有丰足的财食,因此在南亩耕作的农民就必然一天天地减少了。所以说有诱民怠惰的流弊,就是指以上所述的情况啊!

阅读理解

     An American space company says a powerful new rocket should be ready for a test launch by the

end of 2012. The company is Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX. Its new rocket is called the

Falcon Heavy.

     Company officials say it'll be able to transport satellites or spacecraft weighing up to 53 metric tons

into orbit. Fiftythree metric tons is 117,000 pounds. That load weight is double the capacity of NASA

space shuttles. The space agency is retiring its shuttles after thirty years.

     Elon Musk is the chief executive officer of SpaceX. He says the Falcon Heavy will be the second

most powerful rocket ever. He says it was designed to carry satellites and other equipment into space.

He says the rocket was designed to meet NASA's ratings for human flight safety. So it could someday

be used to carry astronauts and other travelers into space.

     Mr. Musk says the Falcon Heavy could also be used for missions(任务) like carrying a robotic lander

to collect samples from Mars. He says, "It has so much more capability than any other vehicle that I think we can start to consider missions like a Mars sample return, which requires a tremendous amount of lift

capability because you've got to send a lander to Mars that still has enough propellant(推进物) to return

to Earth."

     The first launch is planned from the company’s launch site at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. A launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida, is expected in late 2013 or 2014.

     In time, SpaceX hopes to launch ten Falcon Heavy rockets a year. It says the rocket should cut back

on launch costs to about 2,000 dollars a kilogram.

     SpaceX already has a billionandahalfdollar deal with NASA to use a smaller rocket to transport

cargo(货物) to the International Space Station. The rocket is the Falcon 9, and the deal is for after the

two last shuttles-Endeavour and Atlantis-are retired this year.

1. What do we know about the feature of the new rocket from the second paragraph?

(No more than 11 words)

________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did SpaceX want to design the new rocket?(No more than 16 words)

________________________________________________________________________

3. Why can the new rocket be used to carry a robotic lander to collect samples from Mars?

(No more 6 words)

________________________________________________________________________

4. What will SpaceX do for the NASA after Endeavour and Atlantis are retired?

(No more than 14 words)

________________________________________________________________________

单项选择题