问题 问答题

某同学在探究物体弹性碰撞的特点时,先提出了如下假设:①两个物体碰撞前后各自的质量与自己的速度的乘积之和是不变的;②两个物体碰撞前后各自的质量与自己速度的二次方的乘积之和是不变的.为了验证这个假设,该同学设计了如图1所示的实验装置.先将弹性a球从斜槽轨道上某固定点处由静止开始滚下,在水平地面上的记录纸上留下压痕,重复10次;再把同样尺寸大小的弹性b球放在斜槽轨道末端水平段的最右端附近静止,让a球仍从原固定点由静止开始滚下,和b球相碰后,两球分别落在记录纸的不同位置处,重复10次.

(1)在安装斜槽轨道时,要注意______.选择弹性小球a、b时,小球a、b的质量ma、mb应该满足关系:ma______mb(填“>”或“=”或“<”),理由是______.

(2)本实验必须测量的物理量有以下哪些______.

A.斜槽轨道末端到水平地面的高度H

B.小球a、b的质量ma、mb

C.小球a、b的半径r

D.小球a、b 离开斜槽轨道末端后平抛飞行时间t

E.记录纸上O点到A、B、C各点的距离SOA、SOB、SOC

F.a球的固定释放点到斜槽轨道末端水平部分间的高度差h

(3)该同学设计了一个实验数据表格,见表一.从表中可以看出,有些物理量并非实验中直接测出的,请你将表中不能直接测出的物理量换成能直接测出的物理量,而不影响实验探究的目的,并将结果对应填在表二中.

表一:

碰撞前碰撞后
质量mamamb
速度vav’av’b
mvmavamav’a+mbv’b
mv2mav2amav’2a+mbv’2b
表二:

碰撞前碰撞后
质量
速度
mv
mv2
(4)为测定未放被碰小球时,小球a落点的平均位置,把刻度尺的零刻线跟记录纸上的O点对齐,图2给出了小球a落点附近的情况,由图可得OB距离应为______cm.

(5)该同学通过对实验数据的分析和处理验证了他的假设,这就表明物体在弹性碰撞中有两个物理量是守恒的,这两个物理量分别是______、______.

答案

(1)在安装斜槽轨道时,要注意调整斜槽末端水平,保证小球做平抛运动.选择弹性小球a、b时,入射小球的质量大于被碰小球的质量,防止入射小球反弹.

(2)在实验中,需验证动量是否守恒,需测量两小球的质量,记录纸上O点到A、B、C各点的距离SOA、SOB、SOC,因为平抛运动的时间相等,水平距离的大小代表速度的大小.故选BE.

(3)小球碰撞前后的速度可以通过平抛运动的水平位移代替,如表格所示.

(4)OB的距离为落点的平均位置,大小等于46.41cm.

(5)物体在弹性碰撞的过程中,系统动量守恒,机械能守恒.

故答案为:

(1)调整斜槽末端水平,>,防止入射小球反弹;

(2)B、E (3)见下表 

(4)46.41;(5)动量 机械能.

碰撞前碰撞后
质量mamamb
速度SoBSoAS0C
mvma SoBmasoA+mbS0C
mv2maS2oBm S2oA+mbS20C

材料分析题
阅读理解

At least 77 were wounded when hundreds of army soldiers and anti-government protesters (抗议者)clashed(冲突)in Bangkok early Monday morning 14 hours after Thai PM declared a state of emergency in the capital city, Thai media reports.

The Nation quoted hospital reports as saying at least 77 people suffered injuries mainly from teargas, with five seriously injured.

At around 7:20 a.m., the government announced it was in control of the situation at Din Daeng, The Nation said on its website.

Some protesters had been arrested, and Army Spokesman Col Sansern Kaewkamnerd earlier said “Similar operations will be carried out in other areas.”

The clash occurred around 4:30 a.m. Monday (21:00 GMT Sunday) when some 300 so-called red-shirted protesters used a seized bus to crash soldiers at Din Daeng District in north Bangkok, Army spokesman Sansern Kaewkamnerd told TPBS.

Soldiers fired warning shots into the air and used teargas to disperse the protesters after failing to persuade the red shirts to stop, Sansern said.

Earlier the Health Department of Bangkok Metropolitan Administration announced a total injury number of 68.

Army Chief General Anupong Paojinda refused to comment on the incident, adding that he will learn more about it first.

At about 6:15 a.m. Monday (23:15 GMT Sunday), former premier Thaksin Shinawatra told the Red-shirted protesters to continue fighting in a phone conversation with a main leader of the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD).

Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva declared on Sunday afternoon a state of emergency in Bangkok and some districts of five provinces nearby.

The latest round of the anti-government protests led by UDD has entered its 19th day. Red-shirted protesters on Saturday forced the summits canceled(取消).

(Xinhua News Agency April 13, 2009)

49. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. At least 77 were wounded during the crash between soldiers and protesters.

B. The ASEAN summits have been cancelled.

C. Soldiers used teargas to disperse the protesters.

D. Thai Prime Minister announced a state of emergency.

50. What can you infer from the passage?

A. The conflict is connected with the former premier Thaksin.

B. The Army Chief General refused to comment on the incident.

C. Soldiers didn’t persuade the red shirts to stop.

D. About 300 protesters seized a bus and crashed soldiers.

51. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. The latest round of protests started in March, 2009.

B. Five protesters died in the clash.

C. It’s officially said on the morning of Sunday that the situation was out of control.

D. It is most likely that the army is against the government.

52. What does the underlined word “disperse” probably mean?