问题 问答题

最小充分性原则

答案

参考答案:

解析:“最小充分性原则”是李帕(M.Lepper)为解释实验研究中有关儿童对于本来非常有兴趣的活动,如果受到明显的外来奖励,就会降低兴趣的发现提出的。这一原则认为使儿童改变行为并能长期保持的最有效办法是运用足够的压力或奖赏推动儿童做出新行为,同时又不使儿童对这些压力或奖赏形成过于深刻的印象。换句话说,成人提供的外在诱惑必须最小而又足够改变儿童的行为,它本身不应该比成人想传授的行为标准更突出。在这种条件下,儿童的态度和行为将会得到改变,同时也使成人传递的标准内化了。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

Upcoming Kids & Youth Events

The Race to Space

Date: February 27, 2012

Does life exist in outer space? How can we tell? In 1970 the first robot landed on the moon, and then,

scientists have created different kinds of machines to move around planets to help us answer our space

question. Come learn more about their interesting history.

Fee: $10 for adults and children over 1 year old. Under 1 year old FREE. $9 for older people.

Museum Hours: Tuesday through Sunday, 10:00am ~ 7:00pm. Closed Monday.

Where: Long Island Children's Museum, 11 Davis Ave, Garden City, NY

Learn and Play

Date: February 28~March 2, 2012

Fun at the farm for preschoolers. Programs by Cornell Cooperative Extension educators are parent-child

interactive (互动的). Includes story, snack and animal visits. Ages 24~60 months.

Two periods available: 10:30 am~11:30 am or 1:00 pm~ 2:00 pm. $10 per child. Please call or visit our

website for additional information.

Where: Suffolk Country Farm and Education Center, 350 Yaphank Ave (County Road 21), Yaphank,

NY

Arctic Animals for Preschoolers

Date: March 13, 2012

Time: 10:00am~12:00 noon

Explore the frozen world of creatures that call the Arctic and Antarctic home with a Cornell Cooperative

Extension educator. How do they do it? Prepare warm clothes.

Ages 3~5 (with an adult). $25 per child (includes one adult, each additional adult $ 5)

Where: Sport Fishing Education Center, Ocean Parkway, Babylon, NY

Usdan Center Open House

Date: March 31, 2012

Time: 11:00am~2:00pm

Usdan Center for the Creative and Performing Arts, one of America's largest not-for-profit(非盈利的)

summer arts camps, named a "Best Of for 2010", is now preparing for its 44th season, FREE admission.

Open houses will give students and their families a chance to tour the center and get information on Usdan's more than 40 programs - including music, dance, theater, writing, nature and chess.

Where: 185 Colonial Springs Road, Wheatley Heights, NY

1. How much does it cost if your grandparents bring you to Children's Museum after school?

A. $29.          

B. $28.          

C. $18.          

D. $10.

2. In what way do you learn and play in Suffolk County Farm and Education Center?

A. Parents and children work together.      

B. Children are asked to work on the farm.

C. Animals can be taken home to be raised.  

D. Educators lead children to visit the farm.

3. What is the special feature of Sudan Center Open House?

A. You may go there all day.          

B. You need register in advance.

C. You can go to the camp for free.    

D. You are asked to show your art talent.

4. On Monday, you cannot go to          .

A. Usdan Center Open House                

B. Sport Fishing Education Center

C. Suffolk County Farm and Education Center    

D. Long Island Children's Museum

5. We can learn from the events that         .

A. the events last from February to May

B. children should be with at least two adults

C. visiting Sport Fishing Education Center, you must prepare warm clothes

D. you can learn space knowledge in Usdan Center Open House

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