问题 问答题

如图(a)所示,水平面上有两根很长的平行导轨,间距为L,导轨间有竖直方向等距离间隔的匀强磁场B1和B2,B1和B2的方向相反,大小相等,即B1=B2=B.导轨上有矩形金属框abcd,其总电阻为R,质量为m,框的宽度ab与磁场间隔相同.开始时,金属框静止不动,当两匀强磁场同时以速度v1沿直导轨匀速向左运动时,金属框也会随之开始沿直导轨运动,同时受到水平向右、大小为f的恒定阻力,并很快达到恒定速度.求:

(1)金属框所达到的恒定速度v2

(2)金属框以恒定速度运动时,单位时间内克服阻力所做的功

(3)当金属框达到恒定速度后,为了维持它的运动,磁场必须提供的功率

(4)若t=0时匀强磁场B1和B2同时由静止开始沿直导轨向左做匀加速直线运动,经过较短时间后,金属框也做匀加速直线运动,其v-t关系如图(b)所示,已知在时刻t金属框的瞬时速度大小为vt,求金属框做匀加速直线运动时的加速度大小.

答案

(1)由于磁场以速度v1向右运动,当金属框稳定后以最大速度v2向右运动,此时金属框相对于磁场的运动速度为v1-v2

根据右手定则可以判断回路中产生的感应电动势E等于ad、bc边分别产生感应电动势之和,即E=2BL(v1-v2

根据欧姆定律可得,此时金属框中产生的感应电流I=

E
R
=
2BL(v1-v2)
R

金属框的两条边ad和bc都受到安培力作用,由题意知,ad和bc边处于的磁场方向相反,电流方向也相反,故它们所受安培力方向一致,

故金属框受到的安培力大小

F=2BIL=

4B2L2(v1-v2)
R

当金属框速度最大时,安培力与摩擦力平衡,即满足F-f=

4B2L2(v1-v2)
R
-f=0

由此解得:金属框达到的恒定速度v2=v1-

fR
4B2L2

(2)因为阻力恒为f,单位时间内阻力所做的功即为阻力做功的功率

所以Pf=fv2=fv1-

f2R
4B2L2

(3)当金属框达到稳定速度后,电路中消耗的电功率

P=I2R=[

2BL(v1-v2)
R
]2R=(
f
2BL
)2R=
f2R
4B2L2

据能量守恒,磁场提供的功率P=P+Pf=

f2R
4B2L2
+fv1-
f2R
4B2L2
=fv1

(4)因为线框在运动过程中受到安培力和阻力作用,合力产生加速度,根据牛顿第二定律有:

F-f=ma,即

4B2L2(v1-v2)
R
-f=ma        ①

线框做匀加速直线运动,加速度a恒定,故有(v1-v2)为一定值,即线框的加速度与磁场的加速度相等,

即v1=at,代入①式得:

4B2L2(at-vt)
R
-f=ma

解得:a=

4B2L2vt+fR
4B2L2t-mR

答:(1)金属框所达到的恒定速度v2=v1-

fR
4B2L2

(2)金属框以恒定速度运动时,单位时间内克服阻力所做的功为fv1-

f2R
4B2L2

(3)当金属框达到恒定速度后,为了维持它的运动,磁场必须提供的功率P=fv1

(4)求金属框做匀加速直线运动时的加速度大小a=

4B2L2vt+fR
4B2L2t-mR

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Trees could be more important to the earth's climatethan previously thought, according to

a new study thatreveals forests help to block out the sun.

     Scientists in the UK and Germanyhave discovered that trees release achemical that thickens

clouds abovethem, which reflects more sunlight andcools the earth. The research suggeststhat

chopping down forests could speed

up global warming, and that protecting existing trees couldbe one of the best ways to

deal with the problem.

     Dominick Spracklen, of the Institute for Climate andAtmospheric Science at Leeds

University, said, "We thinkthis could have quite a great effect. You can think of forestsas

climate air conditioners. "

     The scientists looked at chemicals called terpenes(萜烯) that are released from

northern forests across northernregions such as Canada, Scandinavia and Russia. The

chemicals give forests a special smell, but their function haspuzzled experts for years.

Some believe the trees releasethem to communicate, while others say they could offer

protection from air pollution.

     The team found the terpenes react in the air and formaerosols(气雾剂).They help to

turn water vapour(蒸气)in the atmosphere into clouds.

     Spracklen said the team's computer models showedthat the aerosols doubled the

thickness of clouds about1,000 meters above the forests, and would reflect an extra5%

sunlight back into space.

     He said, "It might not sound a lot, but that is quite astrong cooling effect. The climate

is such a finely balancedsystem that we think this effect is large enough to reduce

temperatures over quite large areas. It gives us anotherreason to preserve forests. "

     Becausetreesrelease . moreterpenesinwarmerweather, the discovery suggests that

forests could act as anegative feedback (反馈) on climate, which slows the rise in

temperature.

1. To slow global warming, scientists advise _

A. preserving the existing forests

B. growing more trees in the world

C. releasing aerosols above the forests

D. releasing terpenes in the air  

2. What is the function of terpenes according to Spracklen?

A. They absorb sunlight and turn it into energy.

B. They help thicken the clouds that reflect sunlight.

C. They make the temperature rise in cold northernarea s.

D. They help trees grow better.

3. Trees have a great effect on the earth's climate by  ______

A. reducing air pollution

B. reducing harmful chemicals in the air

C. producing a large amount of oxygen

D. reducing the earth'-s temperature