问题 问答题

影响学习策略掌握的主要因素有哪些?教师应如何有效地教授学习策略?

答案

参考答案:

学习策略是学习者通过学习而形成的、用以调控学习过程、提高学习效率的一系列活动。

(1)影响学习策略掌握的主要因素

①内部因素:

a.学习者的动机。学生对学习结果的期望不同,动机归因不同,则学习策略的掌握与使用的水平也不同。具有不同学习动机的学生,他们在选择策略方面也有所不同。

b.学习者原有的知识经验。丰富的知识经验为学习策略的形成提供了基础,同时又促进着学习策略的应用。

c.学习者的认知发展水平。学习策略的掌握、使用受到学生认知发展水平的制约,如果儿童尚未形成有关事物的类别的概念,则很难使用群集等策略来进行记忆。

②外部因素: 

a.教师的有关特征。教师的教学方式,教师是否拥有合理的知识结构、是否能对教学进行有效的控制,教师元认知能力的具备与否、教师是否具有灵活有效的教学策略等都对学习策略的掌握产生影响。

b.学习策略的教学方式。在具体的教学过程中,教师以何种方式教授学习策略直接决定着学习策略的掌握水平。

(2)教师有效地教授学习策略的要求

①创拟、确定学习策略。教师在具体的教学过程中如果能够合理地选择、利用现成的学习策略,同时又能够有针对性地提炼自己的思路,并教给学生,那么改善学生的学习能力、提高教学效率就真正贯串于实际教学的始终。

②科学教授学习策略。学习策略的有效性不仅取决于策略内容本身,而且也取决于如何教授这些策略。一般而言,应注意:根据学习内容、学习者的特点、学习阶段等各种因素的不同,来选择恰当的学习策略进行教授;策略教学应该给学生提供一套外显的、可操作的训练程序;要真正达到熟练、正确地使用学习策略,还必须给学生提供多种练习机会。

③提供元认知指导。学习策略效能的真正发挥在很大程度上取决于个体的元认知水平。教师在教授学习策略时,不仅要直接、明确地解释策略是什么,而且还要提供为什么,何时、何处应用这些策略的详细的信息,即给学生提供元认知的指导。

④丰富与完善学生的知识结构。丰富的知识经验能促进学习策略的形成与应用,因此教师应充分考虑到学生的原有知识的数量与质量,既要保证学生拥有必要而丰富的知识经验,又要保证知识结构的合理性。合理的知识结构应该包括概述性知识、程序性知识和元认知知识。

阅读理解

The passengers on the subway who caught a glimpse of me may have thought I was strange. In particular a gentleman sitting opposite me was always staring at me, looking at the cheese bread on the floor in front of me and then staring back at me. A passenger probably dropped it by mistake and got off at a previous stop, but the gentleman might not think so. “Next stop, St. Patrick Station” — my stop was quickly coming up. I had few minutes to either take the cheese bread, which nobody else was claiming, or left it there.

In those few minutes I felt my pride getting in the way. “What would others on the subway think of me if I took the cheese bread? Would they think that I was poor and hungry? Would they think that I was stealing?” The ignorant thing to do was say “yes” to any of those self-imposed questions. Actually, they were just my own thoughts. Though I would leave the subway, walk a block to my office, get settled at my desk, and sit comfortably in my office for the whole day, I couldn’t get rid of the enormous sense of guilt and regret.

My thoughts once pushed me towards pride and ignorance, but finally I had to admit I was wrong. This missing cheese bread could be a gift for a homeless person who suffered from cold and hunger. So why not overcome a little bit of my pride and pass along so much kindness?

Just as the doors opened at my stop, I grabbed the cheese bread and left the subway. It felt awesome, but I didn’t care if people were looking at me or what they were thinking. Instead of going directly to my office as usual, I walked a few more blocks up to Queen’s park, where I often saw a homeless man sitting outside. I always wanted to give him something, but only today I walked toward him, who wrapped himself in a sleeping bag. I was full of satisfaction, and so did the homeless man, I thought.

小题1:The gentleman kept staring at the author because _______.

A.he wanted to talk to the author

B.the author appeared too nervous

C.the author was going to get off

D.he might think the author dropped the bread小题2:The underlined word “self-imposed” in paragraph 2 probably means “_______”.

A.easily obtained

B.deliberately created

C.strongly supported

D.completely unaccepted小题3:Why did the author grab the cheese bread when he got off?

A.He noticed that no one was looking at him.

B.He didn’t want to see the cheese bread to go to taste.

C.He valued kindness more than his own pride.

D.He remembered a homeless man at that very moment.

阅读理解

   Could you stand the noise of a street-sweeper truck going up and down the street outside of your house three times a week at 4 a.m.? The noise —described by Blomberg as “loud as a NASCAR(全国赛车联合会) race car but at a speed of 5 miles per hour” — annoyed him so much that he tried to persuade the city to reschedule street sweeping to begin at 6 a.m. He also founded the nonprofit Noise Pollution Clearinghouse, an organization that provides research and information to others whose request for quiet might otherwise fall on deaf ears.

Hearing loss, in fact, is the most obvious medical consequence of noise pollution, but it is hardly the only one, explains environmental psychologist Arline Bronaft. In her research, Bronzaft found that constant noise exposure could reduce children’s learning ability and cognitive(认知的) development. Beyond all that, regularly, “you’ve got to take a break

from sound,” says Bronzaft.

The bad news, says Blomberg, is that “the last century was the noisiest in history.” The good news, he continues, is that the greener we get, the quieter we’ll also get. Electric cars and lawn equipment, for instance, make less noise, just as more fuel-efficient vehicles do. Improved technology can also provide measures to make the problem less serious. Fire engines and police cars could replace those loud sirens(警报器) with other models; and you can turn down the volume inside your home by replacing noisy household appliances with quieter, energy-saving models.

“ I don’t think you can name a noise source that I can’t find a way to make quieter,” says Blomberg. But the real challenge is to change people’s attitudes. “ In the 1960s, we made it unacceptable to throw litter out of the window of your car,” he says. Today it’s time to recognize that “noise is to the soundscape as litter is to the landscape.” The goal is to “create a culture where you do not throw your aural (听觉的) litter out of the window.

64. What do we know about the Noise Pollution Clearinghouse?

A. It was founded by the city leaders.

B. It was supported by NASCSR.

C. It can rearrange the time of street sweeping.

D. It aims to help those who want more peace and quiet.

65. Which of the following makes the most noise?

A. Electric cars.         B. Loud sirens.                  C. Lawn equipment.     D. Police cars.

66. As Blomberg says, _____________.

A. it’s impossible to make a noise-maker quieter

B. it’s difficult to quiet people down

C. in the 1960s, throwing “sound” out of the window was forbidden

D. street sweeping should be stopped forever

67. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. Reducing Noise Pollution                      B. Children’s Mental Development

C. Vehicles that Make Less Noise                        D. Forbidding Throwing Litter