问题 问答题

简述物流定价策略的内容。

答案

参考答案:(1)企业进行产品定价的影响因素
1)定价目标。包括利润最大化目标、提高市场占有率目标、预期投资收益率目标、应对竞争目标和产品质量领先目标。
2)产品成本。由固定成本、变动成本、边际成本、机会成本组成。
3)企业的市场营销组合策略。包括产品、价格、分销、促销。
4)市场和需求状况。需求对价格的影响比较明显,主要表现为需求的价格弹性,即因价格变动而引起的需求量的变动率,它反映了需求量对价格变动的敏感程度。一般来说,需求量与价格之间呈负相关,价格越高,需求量就越少。
5)竞争状况。如果企业的产品与竞争品的差异性较小,市场竞争就会比较激烈,企业制定价格的自主性也相对较小;如果企业的产品与竞争品相比有明显的差异,就可以根据实际情况决定价格的高低。
(2)定价方法
1)定价程序
①选择定价目标;②预测需求量;③估算成本;④预测竞争者的反应;⑤选择定价方法;⑥制定具体价格。
2)定价方法
①成本导向定价法:主要以产品成本作为定价的基本依据的定价方法;②需求导向定价法:依据消费者对产品价值的理解和需求来定价;③竞争导向定价法:以市场上同类竞争品的价格为定价依据,根据本企业的营销目的,如增加销售额、提高市场占有率等来制定价格。
3)物流定价技巧
①折扣定价法:企业按照一定的定价方法制定出基本价格后,根据交易对象、数量、时间、方式和条件的不同,给予买方一定的价格折扣或折让而形成的实际售价,常用的折扣方式有数量折扣、现金折扣、季节折扣、代理折扣;
②新产品定价法:在新产品投放市场时,有三种定价技巧。其一,在产品生命周期的初期阶段把产品价格定得较高,以赚取最大的利润;其二,以低价投放新产品,使新产品迅速在市场上广泛渗透,获得最高的销售量和最大的市场占有率;其三,同时兼顾厂商、中间商和消费者的利益,采用适中的价格;
③心理定价:就是适应消费者不同心理采取的定价技巧;
④产品组合定价法:当企业为一组相关产品定价时,必须全面考虑,兼顾产品大类中各相关产品的价格,通过一系列产品单价的制定,使整个产品组合取得整体利润最高的效果;
⑤差别定价法:为了适应货主、货物、运输路线等方面的差异,物流企业可以修改基本价格,实行差别定价。主要有货主差别定价、货物差别定价和运输显露差别定价。

完形填空

Everyone has experienced trying, but failing to master a difficult book that was begun with the hope of increasing one's understanding. When that happens, it is 36 to think that it was a mistake to try to read it, but that was not the mistake. The mistake was in 37 too much from the first reading of a(n) 38  book. If you read it in the right way, no book written for the 39 reader, no matter how difficult, need be a cause for despair(令人失望).

What is the right method? The 40 is an important and helpful rule of reading that is either not  41  or often forgotten. That rule is simply this: when reading a difficult book for the first time, read it through without ever  42  to think about the things that you do not understand immediately.

Do not be stopped by what you  43  understand. Read through the difficult  44 ,and you soon come to things that you do understand. Read these  45 .You will have a much better chance of understanding all of the book when you read it again, but that  46  you to have read the book through once  47 .

What you understand by reading the book through to the 48  will help you when you try later to read the places that you did not  49  in your first reading. Or if you never re-read the book, understanding half of it is much better than understanding  50  of it, which will happen  51  you allow yourself to be stopped by the first difficult part of the book.

Most of us were taught to  52  the things that we do not understand. We were told to find the  53  of unfamiliar words, and to try to find an explanation in another  54  for anything that we did not understand in the book that we were reading. But when these things are done before the proper time, they only  55 our reading, instead of helping it.

36. A. necessary     B. useful C. natural       D. effective

37. A. learning       B. wanting      C. accepting    D. expecting

38. A. easy     B. difficult     C. important   D. correct

39. A. ordinary      B. young C. serious       D. sincere

40. A. method B. question     C. answer       D. problem

41. A. taught   B. known       C. sure    D. perfect

42. A. starting B. hesitating   C. Stopping    D. repeating

43. A. can't     B. won't  C. mustn't       D. wouldn't

44. A. words   B. articles       C. parts   D. points

45. A. quickly B. immediately      C. clearly       D. carefully

46. A. requires       B. causes C. advises       D. allows

47. A. later     B. after   C. before D. again

48. A. top       B. end     C. bottom       D. cover

49. A. see       B. turn    C. Notice D. understand

50. A. anything      B. everything  C. nothing      D. something

51. A. if B. so that  C. whenever   D. as though

52. A. put away      B. put down    C. think of      D. think about

53. A. uses      B. Meanings   C. Spellings    D. troubles

54. A. thinking       B. reading      C. Book  D. way

55. A. harm    B. increase      C. Improve     D. prevent

单项选择题