问题 问答题 简答题

体育或动作能力的培养与学习。

答案

参考答案:

动作能力的培养与学习主要集中于以下几个方面:(1)指导与示范。由于动作技能的学习经历认知阶段,教师在指导学生的动作技能时,首先要帮助学生理解动作技能,明确学习任务,形成作业期望以及获得一定的完成任务的学习策略等。所以教师需要做到以下几个方面: 

①帮助学习者梳理必要的先前知识,如果学习者先前的技能习惯与新技能相矛盾,更需要提供合适的任务,使学习者认识到技能之间的区别,避免干扰。 

②每一种运动技能都有其特定的目的和要求。应使学生明确其所学技能的目的和要求,使他们自觉地组织自己的行动来掌握这种技能。 

③人们的各种运动是在动作映象的定向调节支配下做出来的,因此在学生对所学的运动技能进行练习的过程中,教师应通过自己的动作示范帮助他们在头脑中形成正确的动作映象。 

④动作技能的学习也包含学习策略或者窍门问题,教师可以通过演示、解说或播放有关录像的方法对学习者进行指导,一旦学习者利用外加的策略方法有效地完成了任务,这些策略就会成为学习者的经验,并有可能自发地在以后的学习中加以使用。 

(2)练习。动作技能只有经过一定的练习才能形成。练习是指以形成某种技能为目的的学习活动,是以掌握一定的动作方式为目标而进行的反复操作过程。练习包括重复和反馈,不是单纯的反复操作和机械重复,而是以一定的活动方式为目标的反复。通过练习,可以促进所学技能的完善。 

(3)反馈。在技能练习中,让学生及时了解自己的练习结果,有利于提高练习的效率。具体来说,学习者在运动技能练习时,如果能够及时掌握练习的情况,如知道自己的成绩和错误、优点和不足等,就可以把符合要求的、符合目的的动作保留下来,把不符合的动作抛弃掉,这样才能有助于迅速提高练习质量。可见,在练习中给学习者提供反馈信息是提高练习效果的有效措施。在提供反馈时,应注意以下几个问题:①结果反馈; 

②情境反馈; 

③分情况反馈; 

④内在的动觉反馈。 

最后需要指出,任何学习都不仅仅停留在动作和知识层面,情绪情感对学习的结果有着重要的影响。如果学习者对技能本身没有明确的目标,没有积极接纳的态度就难以产生主动的学习,另外,旧的技能的惯性作用往往会阻碍新技能的接受,就算“被迫”学习了新技能,如果在情感和态度上没有接受,也会疏于使用而荒废。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Americans have a great love for informality and nowhere is this better expressed than in their love for nicknames (昵称,绰号). Upon greeting strangers for the first time they will quickly introduce themselves by their nickname. These are shortened forms of their given name at birth and reflect the casual relationships which exist among friends and coworkers. Family names are hardly ever used in daily situations and the use of one’s father’s last name is saved only for rare and formal occasions.
In many traditional cultures the use of the family name is seen as a sign of respect. For Americans, however, it’s the nickname which creates an immediate intimacy between two people upon which to build a relationship. By speaking to another on a first name basis and using his nickname, walls are immediately torn down and equality between two people is established.
At work bosses will refer to their employees by their nicknames. Should an employer use a worker’s family name, you can be sure that some kind of correction or serious business will follow.
This love for nicknames can create a sense of closeness between people who are otherwise not related. Even the presidents of the United States have borne nicknames. Abraham Lincoln was known as Honest Abe. John F. Kennedy was known as Jack or JFK and William Clinton has no reservations in letting people know he prefers to be called Bill, but those who look upon him with disfavor may call him Slick Willy.
Not only people but cities often carry their own nicknames. Chicago is called the "Windy City" because of the p winds which come down from Canada throughout the year. New York City is considered the "Big Apple" for reasons which are still obscure to most people including many New Yorkers.
Not every nickname, however, is positive and some can be rather rude and insulting. If someone should demonstrate a certain negative characteristic, a label will soon be attached to describe that person in an unpleasant way.
Likewise a person’s physical traits which are very dominant may lead to nicknames but not necessarily to one’s liking or choice. A nickname, therefore, is a way of identifying or describing someone or something for better or worse.

Why do Americans prefer to use nicknames when addressing one another

A. Nicknames are easy to remember.
B. Americans are a friendly people.
C. Nicknames help build a closer relationship.
D. Nicknames are convenient to use in daily life.